4.2.1 Extrinsic Motivation
According to Huffman, Vernoy, and Vernoy, extrinsic motivation is “the desire to perform an act because of external rewards or avoidance punishment”
401. Worchel and Shebilske state extrinsic motivation is “motivated behavior that results from external factors, such as a promotion, or the other type of
reward” 409. Yukiko’s family expects Yukiko to get married. To fulfill their desire, they try to find a husband for Yukiko. We can see it through the author’s
direct comment, “It was in this crisis, shortly after the father’s death, that Tatsuo became most enthusiastic about finding a husband for Yukiko” 9. There is also
an external factor that makes Yukiko’s family has to find a husband for Yukiko. Yukiko’s character is the external factor that activates, maintains, and directs
Yukiko’s family’s behavior to find a husband for Yukiko. The author states it directly through his comment, “Yukiko was different, not a person they could turn
out to make her way alone. They should do everything for her” 278. It has been discussed above that the character of Yukiko itself encourages
Yukiko’s family to be concerned to Yukiko so that they try to find her a husband. Yukiko’s character is shy and passive that makes her impossible to find a husband
in her own. Yukiko is so shy when she meets strangers. It is seen by Tatsuo Yukiko’s
brother-in-law, “But the shy, introverted Yukiko unable though she was to open her mouth before strangers had a hard core that was difficult reconcile with her
apparent docility” 10. Yukiko also cannot look at a man’s face in her omiai arranging marriage. The author shows Yukiko’s reaction when she meets
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Sawazaki: “Since it was her unfortunate question that had spoiled the conversation, Sachiko wanted to make amends she found Sawazaki thoroughly
unapproachable, however, and in desperation she turned to her sister. Yukiko had been looking at the floor since they came in” 348. Even Sachiko Yukiko’s
sister has to be with her when she talks with a man through the telephone. The author gives his direct comment to show Yukiko is unable to talk Mr. Hasidera:
“Even if Sachiko had been with her, Yukiko would not have been able to talk to the man. And short of her accepting the invitation and going out
with him, it did not seem likely that he would have been satisfied. The ultimate source of the trouble was to be found in Yukiko’s nature. And not
in the simple question of whether or not Sachiko was with her at the telephone. Even if they had made their way safely through this crisis, there
would have been others head. The walks were doomed to failure from the start. Yukiko had not managed to change herself” 415.
Yukiko is so passive. She does not attempt to exploit the conversation with
a man in her miai arranging marriage. The author shows it through his direct comment, “While the other four talked quite easily, Yukiko, just a little abashed,
stayed outside the conversation. As always, she made no attempt to exploit openings the others gave her” 397. She is never talkative when she is out of the
house. We can see it through the author’s direct comment, “Yukiko was never talkative when she was out of the house, and she was especially helpless when the
occasion demanded not the Osaka dialect, but standard Japanese” 43. Yukiko is quiet since she was child. It can be shown by Sachiko’s thought, “Sachiko thought
how even as a child Yukiko had endured in silence, only sobbing quietly to herself” 120. That is why she does not have lots of friends and she has no one
place to go. She likes staying in her home and nursing her niece and nephews. It is shown by Sachiko’s thought, “Sachiko felt sorriest for Yukiko. Yukiko had no
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place to go. And Sachiko had given her Etsuko to keep her happy” 27. Yukiko is always very busy to care Etsuko and keep the house. It is shown by the author’s
direct comment: “She gradually began relieving Sachiko for her duties: nursing Etsuko
when she was ill, hearing her lessons and her piano practice, making her lunch or afternoon tea. Yukiko was in many ways better qualified to care
for the child than was Sachiko” 26.
It is hard for Yukiko to get married to a man because she is so passive. It is shown by the author’s direct comment, “The real difficulty was that Yukiko was
so passive by nature” 401. Yukiko’s family knows if they do not arrange her marriage, Yukiko cannot find a husband and get married. In the arranging
marriage miai, Yukiko’s family always tries to ask Yukiko’s comment about a man who wants to be her husband, but Yukiko does not want to give her comment
to her family. She is introvert. That makes Yukiko’s family is difficult to know Yukiko’s ideal man as her husband. We can see it through the author’s direct
comment, “Yukiko was not the sort to make her views known, and unless she had husband who would drink with her she might well take to brooding” 44.
Therefore, they do that by themselves. Herbert L. Petri says extrinsic reward consists of “some external object or
situation that satisfies some expectation of the individual” 319. Yukiko’s family expects Yukiko to get married. Therefore, Yukiko’s wedding is the extrinsic
reward because it satisfies the expectation of Yukiko’s family. The author gives his direct comment, “Yukiko was in Tokyo until the end of March. She could
have stayed on until her wedding day, but she wanted a leisurely farewell to Sachiko and the Ashiya family” 524.
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It can be concluded that Yukiko Makioka’s family has the extrinsic motivation in finding a husband for Yukiko. It is because Yukiko is so passive
and shy. That makes Yukiko’s family has to find a husband for Yukiko. The extrinsic reward for Yukiko’s family when they succeed to find a husband for
Yukiko is the wedding of Yukiko itself.
4.2.2 Intrinsic Motivation
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