16 Furthermore, Greenbaum 1989 mentions that if the noun phrases are introduced
by each or every, the subject is considered singular p. 211. For examples: [11]
Every student and every teacher has to buy the ticket. [12]
Each man and each woman is given a new book. In addition, Langan 1996 states that a verb must agree with its subject
even when the verb comes before the subject p. 339. Langan 1996 adds that words that may precede the subject include there, here and, in questions, who,
which, what, and where p. 339. [13]
There are ten students in the classroom. [14]
Here is the book. [15]
Where are your pencils? Furthermore, Langan 1996 mentions that words that come between the subject
and the verb in a sentence do not change the subject-verb agreement within the sentence p. 338.
[16] An old televsion with a round screen shows the best quality.
[17] The dogs in the gardens eat a plate of rice every morning.
The subject of sentence [16], television, is singular, so the verb which follows the subject is plural. However, the subject of sentence [17], dogs, is plural. Therefore,
the plural verb should follow the plural subject in sentence [17].
b. Subject Verb Concord in Person
According to Leech and Svartvik 1994, besides concord of number, there is also concord of person p. 264. The concord of person has some rules that are
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17 essential to explain. In the Present Tense, be has three forms, e.g., I am, He She
It is, We You They are Leech Svartvik, 1994, p. 264. For further information, Greenbaum 1989 mentions that the verb be is
used to make further distinctions in the present and to show distinctions in the past p. 208. Table 2.1. is used to show forms of be.
Table 2.1 The Forms of Be Leech Svartvik, 1994, p. 243
Non- negative Uncontracted
negative Contracted
negative Base
Be
Present 1st person singular
am, ‘m am not, ‘m not
ain’t 3rd person singular
is,’s is not, ‘s not
isn’t 2nd person singular and
all person plural are, ‘re
are not, ‘re not
aren’t
Past 1st and 3rd person singular
was was not
wasn’t 2nd person singular and
plural were were
not weren’t
1st and 3rd person plural were were
not weren’t
Then, according to Leech and Svartvik 1994, main verbs, which can be either singular, such as call, like, try or irregular, such as buy, drink, run, have
only two forms in the Present Tense p. 264. The examples are: [18]
He She Our friend likes cooking. [19]
I You We They Our friends like cooking Sentence [18] shows 3rd person singular, while sentence [19] does not show 3rd
person singular. In addition, Leech and Svartvik 1994 state that modal auxiliaries only
have one form p. 264. Therefore, the modal auxiliaries do not have these forms,
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18 such as –s forms, -ing forms, or –ed participles Leech Svartvik, 1994, p. 243.
Furthermore, modal axuiliaries come in front of the simple form of a main verb Azar Hagen, 2006, p. 398. For example:
[20] I You We They He She It Our friend Our friends will cook
dinner today. Table 2.2. is used to show forms of modal auxiliaries.
Table 2.2 The Modal Auxiliaries Leech Svartvik, 1994, p. 244 Non-negative Uncontracted
negative Contracted negative
can cannot, can
not can’t
could could not
couldn’t may may
not mayn’t
might might not
mightn’t shall shall
not shan’t
should should not
shouldn’t will will
not won’t
would would not
wouldn’t must must
not mustn’t
ought to ought not to
oughtn’t to used to
used not to didn’t use to
need need not
needn’t dare dare
not daren’t
Furthermore, according to Leech and Svartvik 1994, modal auxiliary is a part of auxiliary verbs, which are a small class of words including primary
auxiliaries, such as be and modal auxiliaries, such as can and will p. 240. Then, auxiliaries do not function to make up a verb phrase on their own but it helps to
make up a verb phrase in combination with a main verb Leech Svartvik, 1994, p. 240. In addition, Greenbaum 1989 states that even though modal auxiliaries
have a tense distinction between present and past, the past forms of modal auxiliaries are often used for present or future time p. 114.
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19
2. Subjects in English
