22 Names of games ending in –s, such as billiards, darts, dominoes have singular
meaning Leech Svartvik, 1994, p. 318. The example is: [25]
Billiards is my favourite game. Besides, Leech and Svartvik 1994 state that the names of some diseases ending
in –s, such as measles, mumps, rickets, shingles are usually considered singular p. 318. In addition, there are also some nouns which occur only in the plural, such
as people, police, and trousers Leech Svartvik, 1994, p. 318. [26]
Many young people are not going to the cinema. [27]
The police have closed the case. In addition, Leech and Svartvik 1994 add that people is the plural form of
person p. 318.
b. Pronoun
According to Lester 1990, a pronoun means a word that is used in place of one or of more than one noun p. 23. There are some different types of
pronoun. Nevertheless, in this part, the researcher only presents those which deal with the focus of the research.
1 Personal Pronouns
Lester 1990 states that this type of pronouns has many different forms according to three factors p. 24. The first factor is person. It can be the first
person, the second person, and the third person. The first person shows the person who is speaking. They are I, we. The second person shows the person being
spoken to. It is you. The third person shows somebody or something that we are
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23 talking about. They are he, she, it, they. Then, the second factor is number. It can
be either singular or plural. The researcher used Table 2.4., Table 2.5., and Table 2.6., in order to give more explanation about the second factor of personal
pronouns.
Table 2.4 The Pairs of Singular and Plural Pronouns Lester, 1990, p. 25 Singular
Plural First Person
I we
Subject Second Person
you you
Subject Third Person
he, she, it they
Subject Table 2.5 The Pairs of Singular and Plural Pronouns with Their Be Celce-Murcia
Larsen-Freeman, 1999, p. 54 Copula
Be Present Tense
Past Tense Person Singular Plural Singular Plural
1st I am
we are I was
we were 2nd you
are you are
you were you were
3rd he she
it is
they are he she
it was
they were
Table 2.6 The Pairs of Singular and Plural Pronouns with Their Verb Marianne et al., 1999, p. 54
Verb Walk
Present Tense Past Tense
Person Singular Plural Singular Plural
1st I walk
we walk I walked
we walked 2nd you
walk you walk
you walked you walked
3rd he she it walks
they walk he she it walked
they walked
The third factor is form. There are three kinds of form, namely subject, object, and possessive. Nevertheless, since this research deals with subject-verb
agreement, the researcher only discussed the subject. According to Lester 1990, subject refers to pronouns, such as I, you, we, they, he, she, it, that are used as the
subject of a sentence p. 25.
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2 Demonstrative Pronouns
Greenbaum 1989 mentions that there are four types of demonstrative pronouns in common use p. 131. They are this and that, which both have
singular meaning Greenbaum, 1989, p. 131. Then, these and those, which both have plural meaning, are other forms of demonstrative pronouns Greenbaum,
1989, p. 131. The examples are: [28]
This is my house. [29]
That is my room. [30]
These are his books. [31]
Those are our cars. In addition, the singular demonstratives pronouns, such as this and that can
be used to show both count and noncount meanings. [32]
This room is too big. [33]
This water is too cold. [34]
That car is new. [35]
That paper is dirty.
3 Indefinite Pronouns
The indefinite pronouns will deal with the matters, namely universal items, partitive indefinites, and the of-partitives.
a Universal Items
The form of universal indefinites are shown together in Table 2.7. overleaf.
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Table 2.7 Universal Indefinites Greenbaum Quirk, 1990, p. 122 Number Function Count Noncount
Positive Singular
Pronoun Everyone Everybody
Everything All
Determiner Every Each
Positive Plural
Pronoun All Both
All Determiner All
Both Negative
Singular Pronoun No
one Nobody
Nothing None
Pronoun and determiner
Neither Negative
Plural Pronoun None
Determiner No
The compound indefinites, such as everyone, everybody, everything, no body, nothing, no one, nothing that all except no one are written as single words.
In addition, Greenbaum and Quirk 1990 mention that compound indefinities can be functioned only as pronouns, and despite their entailment of plural meaning,
they always take singular verb p. 121. Sentence [36] and sentence [37] are the examples.
[36] The house was full of youngster and everyone was happy.
[37] There was an accident in that house, but no one was willing to help.
Then, with none, each, and every as subjects, a singular verb should follow the subject in a sentence Greenbaum Quirk, 1990, p. 122-123. The examples are:
[38] Every student has a book.
[39] Each student gets an apple.
[40] None of the students is here.
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26 Furthermore, according to Greenbaum and Quirk 1990, a plural verb must
follow the subject with both and all p. 123. It can be seen in sentence [41] and in sentence [42].
[41] All these cars are new.
[42] Both students get high score.
With neither or either as subjects, a singular verb is used Greenbaum Quirk, 1990, p. 123. The examples are:
[43] Neither thief was arrested.
[44] Either is acceptable for me.
b Partitive Indefinities
Greenbaum and Quirk 1990 convey that in dealing with the partitives, to make a primary distinction between those in assertive use and those in non-
assertive use is essential to do p. 125. The researcher presented Table 2.8. in order to give further explanation about partitive indefinites. Besides, Table 2.8
presents the information which one of the partitives which has either singular or plural meaning.
Table 2.8 Partitive Indefinites Greenbaum Quirk, 1990, p. 125 Number Function Count Noncount
Assertive Singular
Pronoun Someone Somebody
Something Some
Determiner a an
Assertive Plural
Pronoun and determiner
Some Some
Nonassertive Singular
Pronoun Anyone Anybody
Anything Any
Determiner Either Any
Nonassertive Plural
Pronoun and determiner
Any Any
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c The Of-Partitives
Lock 1996 states that partitives are structures which consist of two nouns link by of p. 47. Greenbaum and Quirk 1990 add that it is typical of the
indefinite which have both a pronoun and a determiner role to fuse these roles in of-expressions where the final part is a personal pronoun or a noun preceded by a
definite determiner p. 125. The forms of the of-partitives are presented in Table 2.9.
Table 2.9 The of-partitives Greenbaum Quirk, 1990, p. 125 Singular Count Partition
Plural Count Partition Noncount Partition
Each of One of
Any of Either of
Neither of None of
All of Both of
Some of Many of
More of Most of
few of A few of
All of Some of
A great deal of Much of
More of Most of
Little of Less of
A less of Least of
Any of None of
According to Azar 1989, the verb in a sentence is determined by the noun that follows of in most expressions of quantity p.220. Azar 1989
mentions these patterns: some of + singular noun + singular verb and some of + plural noun + plural verb p.220. However, Azar 1989 states that one of or
each of takes singular verb and mentioned this pattern: one of each of + plural noun + singular verb p. 220.
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c. There Is and There Are
