20 replaced by a phrase with preposition + which. See how the example g and h
below differ without changing the meaning. h This was the place where we first met. Informal
i This was the place atin which we first met. Formal
4 Zero Relative Clauses
As stated before in defining relative clauses, it is common to omit the relative pronoun in the relative clauses See example d. The omission of the
relative pronoun in relative clause construction thus is called zero relative clauses, usually indicated with the symbol ‘ø’.
Zero relative clauses can only occur in defining relative clauses positioned as object relative. It cannot occur in the defining relative clauses
positioned as subject relative. It also cannot occur in the non-defining relative clauses. In conclusion, the uses of relative pronouns are shown in the following
table:
Table 2.2 Uses of Relative Pronouns Yule, 2004
Subject relative
Object relative
After-preposition relative Possessive
relatives Fronted Stranded
who ø to which
ø … to whose
that that
to whom that … to
of which which which
who … to whom
which … to
b. Relative Clauses in Indonesian
In Indonesian, relative clauses are parts of “Klausa Sematan” Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan, 1988. In English, Klausa Sematan is
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
21 called subordinate clause. Klausa sematan marks some of relationships between
clauses, such as conditional relationship, causal relationship, showing-time relationship, attributive relationship, etc. Indonesian relative clauses assign
attributive relationship whereas the subordinate clause klausa sematan serves as a modifier pewatas to the nouns. It is called as an attributive modifier, using
subordinator ‘yang’. For example: j Pamannya
yang tinggal di Bogor meninggal kemarin. Departemen
Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan, 1988 ~
His uncle who lives in Bogor died yesterday .
k Istrinya, yang datang bersama dengan dia itu, seorang insinyur. Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan, 1988
~ His wife, who came with him, is an engineer.
m Makalah yang ditulis oleh para mahasiswa itu menyinggung perasaan Rektor. Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan, 1988
~ The paper which is written by the students hurt the Dean’s feelings.
From the examples above j, k, and m, it is clear that the subordinator ‘yang’ represents both person and things, unlike English relative
pronouns which differ from one relative clause into another in terms of the nouns being modified.
There are two types of Indonesian relative clauses Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan, 1988. Similar to the English relative clauses, the
two types of Indonesian relative clause are restrictive bersifat membatasi and non-restrictive bersifat tidak membatasi. Examples j and m are restrictive
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
22 relative clause, while k is the example of non-restrictive relative clause. Like the
English relative clauses, the two types are distinguished by commas. Restrictive relative clauses as seen in j and m use no commas, while non-restrictive
relative clause in k use commas. Also part of the modifier subordinate clause klausa sematan pewatas is
the possesive subordinate clause klausa sematan posesif. In English, this is represented by the relative pronoun whose, while in Indonesian it is still described
by subordinator ‘yang’. This construction is marked by the adding of particle –nya to the nouns which is placed after subordinator ‘yang’. See the example below:
n Para pegawai yang gajinya kecil tidak wajib memberi sumbangan.
Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan, 1988 o The employees, whose salary is small, are not obligatory giving
donation.
4. Error Analysis
