7 This study is also intended to contribute to the better development of
English language education in Indonesia, especially for the English Language Education Study Program of Sanata Dharma University. It is expected that this
study would help English teacher candidates to be better prepared in their professional performance.
F. Definition of Terms
1. Mastery Mastery in language learning is considered as one of many points that a
test might be characterized into Payne, 1969. Payne 1969 further mentions that mastery is about the learners’ basic knowledge and skills. In this study, the
researcher intended to find out the mastery of the fifth semester students of the English Language Education Study Program of Sanata Dharma University in
translating relative clauses from Indonesian into English. It aimed at measuring the students’ basic knowledge of English relative clauses and tested their skills in
grammar and translation. In this study, one is said to have mastered translating relative clauses if
he or she understands the rules of relative clauses and is able to use relative clauses correctly in sentences, hence is able to translate it naturally into the target
language. As it is written in Peraturan Akademik Universitas Sanata Dharma Yogyakarta 2002, the minimum standard of mastery is fifty-six percent 56,
while the overall grading system is determined by the lecturers. If the students’ scores are below the minimum standard of mastery, it means that they still have
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8 difficulties in translating relative clauses and they have not mastered the relative
clauses.
2. Relative Clauses Relative clauses or adjectival clauses are clauses that modify nouns
Jackson, 1990. Hewings 2001 adds that a relative clause gives more information about someone or something referred to in a main clause. According
to Celce-Murcia and Larsen-Freeman 1999 “relative clauses thus give us a means to encode complex adjectival modifiers that are easier to process than
complex attributive structures and that are less wordy than two independent clauses”.
In this study, relative clauses refer to clauses that modify nouns in sentences which are shown in the research instrument, i.e. the test. The researcher
intends to discuss relative clauses from Indonesian into English. English, as the target language, has many relative pronouns to describe relative clauses. The
various types of the relative pronouns often bring confusion to Indonesian learners, especially when translating relative clauses from Indonesian into
English.
3. Translation Larson 1984 states that “translation is a process which begins with the
source language text, analyzes the text into semantic structure, and then restructures the semantic structure into appropriate forms in order to create an
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9 equivalent receptor language text.” According to Bell 1991, translation is “the
expressions in another language of what has been expressed in another.” In this study, translation is seen as a process of linguistic and cultural adaptation. The
students were to translate relative clauses from Indonesian into English through a test. Here, translation is used to test the students’ mastery of relative clauses. As
Purpura 2004 states: … at one point in time, knowledge of grammar was assessed through the
ability to recite rules; at another, through the ability to extrapolate a rule from samples of the target language; and yet another, knowledge of
grammar was tested through the ability to provide an accurate translation.
4. The Fifth Semester Students The participants of this study were the fifth semester students of the
English Language Education Study Program of Sanata Dharma University. The fifth semester students are chosen based on their competency in translating
relative clauses from Indonesian into English, in relation to their taking Structure V and Translation I in the fifth semester.
5. Indonesian In this study, the term Indonesian refers to Indonesian language, also
known as Bahasa Indonesia. This language is the national language of Indonesian people, therefore is also their first language. Jones 1994 states “In 1928 young
nationalists declared Bahasa Indonesia, their new name for Malay, to be the national language. … independence came in 1945, and Bahasa Indonesia
Indonesian was decreed to be the national language”.
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10
6. English The term English in this study refers to English language. It has been
widely known that English is worlds’ lingua franca. It is used throughout the world in any occasion.
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11
CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
