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CHAPTER 2 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
This chapter is divided into three parts of discussion. The first part is review of related studies. This is the part to review other previous studies by other
researchers on the same work and author.
The second part of this chapter is a review of related theories. This part contains an explanation about various kinds of critical approaches used in the
study of literary works. This part will be divided into seven namely, critical approach, theory of character, theory of characterization, theory of love, theory of
the importance of father love and mother love, theory of mother love, theory of father love, and theory of father-daughter relationship.
The last part is theoretical framework. This explains the framework of the study that includes the contribution of the theory and reviews in solving the
problems of the study.
2.1 Review of Related Studies
Over the years many researchers both of the English Education Study Program and English Letter Study Program of Sanata Dharma University have
used the novel A Tale of Two Cities by Charles Dickens as the object of their studies. Those researchers have their own way in analyzing the novel and they
have their own problem formulation to analyze the novel. In this section the researcher will present the summary of those theses.
First, in her thesis entitled A Study on the Protagonist and the Social Criticism in Dickens’ A Tale of Two Cities, Widjanarty 1996 analyzes the
protagonist in the novel because the researcher believes that the protagonist may contain Dickens’ criticism toward society. The aims of this study are to find out
the protagonist’s personality and his personality changes, and Dickens’ social criticism expressed through this character.
Second, in An Analysis on the Central Character in Dickens’ A Tale of
Two Cities Based on the Theory of Self-Esteem, Elina 1998 analyzes the character of Sidney Carton. This study aims to explain Sidney Carton’s
characteristics related to theory of self-esteem. This study also aims to discover the significance of his relationship with Charles Darnay towards the performance
of his self-esteem. Third, Haryono 2000 in his thesis entitled Dickens’ Reformation
Message through the Character of Darnay in A Tale of Two Cities, analyzes what lies behind the novel. His thesis aims to find out Dickens’ reformation message
toward the capitalists of his country. It also tries to find what values of life that the author wants to convey.
Fourth, in her thesis entitled The Theme of Charles Dickens’ A Tale of Two Cities seen from the major character’s noble status and the plot, Ratnayanti
2002 analyzes the theme of the novel based from the character’s status and the plot. The objectives are to analyze the unfavorable position of Charles Darnay and
how he responds to the result of Charles Darnay effort in making his life peaceful,
and the theme of the novel. Fifth, in a thesis entitled The Significance of Inner Conflict in Darnay’s
Life toward His Character’s Development in Dickens’ A Tale of Two Cities, Nugroho 2005 presents three problems formulation to analyze this novel. The
first is analyzing the characteristics of Charles Darnay which is important to determine his attitudes and actions. The second problem tries to find the kind of
inner conflicts that influence Darnay’s life. The last problem is to find out the significance of the inner conflict to the Development of Darnay’s character.
Sixth, with a title of her work Mr. and Mrs. Defarge’s Change of Attitude toward Dr. Manette and His Family as Reflection of Social Conflict of Interest in
Charles Dickens’s A tale of Two Cities, by Rochandi 2006 focuses his study on the characters of Mr. and Mrs. Defarge. The first point of his study is to analyze
the attitudes of Mr. and Mrs. Defarge toward Dr. Manette and his family that are described in the novel. The second point is to analyze how the social class conflict
and personal revenge reveal or influence their change of attitudes. Widjanarty, Elina, Haryono, Ratnayanti, Nugroho, and Rochandi have
given their piece of mind so that people will be able to understand more about the novel A Tale of Two Cities. This study entitled A Father-Daughter Relatonship as
seen in the Characters Dr. Manette and Lucie Manette in Charles Dickens’s “A Tale of Two Cities” discusses something else which is about a father-daughter
relationship. This research focuses more on the father-daughter relationship which never becomes the topic of the study of previous researcher. Specifically this
research analyzes the father-daughter relationship shown by Dr. Manette and Lucie Manette toward each other. It aims to analyze the characters and
characterization of Lucie Manette and Dr. Manette. Furthermore it also aims to analyze the connection between Dr. Manette and Lucie Manette characterization
with the love and care in a father- daughter way that they give toward each other.
2.2 Review of Related Theories
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