distinguish them from other characters. They must be credible so that readers can
accept them as believable people.
Characters can be divided into two categories; they are major characters and minor characters. Major characters usually appear in the whole of the story.
The story always involves him directly or indirectly. In another side there is minor characters which are less important than the major characters because they are not
fully developed characters and their role in the story are just to support the
development of major characters Abrams, 1980, p. 20.
Foster 1974, pp. 46-54 divides character into flat and round character based on character’s internal complexity. Flat character is created in a single idea
or quality and the presentation is without many individualizing details. It can be adequate described in a single phrase or sentence. A round character is complex in
temperament and motivation and is represented with subtle particularity.
2.2.3 Characterization
Holman and Harmon 1986, p. 81 define characterization as the act, the process, or the result of characterizing in fiction whether it is a drama, a novel, a
short story, or a narrative poem. In those fictions, the author reveals the characters of imaginary persons and its creation so that they can exist for the reader as
lifelike. Characterization is also a method by which an author creates, reveals, and develops change so that, the reader can imagine what kind of person the character
is Henkle, 1992, p. 92-97.
There are some ways which author may use to make his characters understandable to and come alive for his readers based on Murphy 1972, pp. 161-
173. Those are personal description, character as seen by another, speech, past
life, conversation of others, reactions, direct comments, thought, mannerism. Personal description is when the author gives description of the character’s
physical appearance face, physique, clothing directly. The description is often related to his psychological condition; the personality itself can be reflected from
the external appearance. Character as seen by another is when the character is not described directly
by the author. The author uses other characters’ eyes and opinions to help us to
draw the description. What they think about a certain character can be a
significant factor to build up our understanding on him. Understanding the speech
of the characters in a story is not only a step to the plot development but also a manifestation of character. Frequently by understanding the characters’ speech,
each character’s motivation and attitudes toward life can be known. Whenever the author provides pictures of characters’ past life, it can be traced and learnt to help
us to figure out his motive of faction at the present time. So basically, the characters’ past life is always closely connected to his present life. Paying
attention to the conversation of other characters and the things they say about the main character are useful in for gathering the necessary information about the
main character. If people want to draw judgment only from the point of view of the main character, it is not enough to understand deeply about the main character.
Thus, it is necessary to pay close attention to each conversation in a story. In reaction, the readers only need to focus on what the characters try to do,
and how they react to various situations and events. The characterization in direct comment is done by giving the readers a straight forward description about or
comment on the character. In thoughts a direct knowledge of what the character
is thinking about and what is playing inside the characters’ mind to show that each
other has his own way of thinking is given by the author. The character can also
be described through the description of his mannerism, habit, or way of thinking.
2.2.4 Love
