A Brief Description of Contrastive Analysis

CHAPTER II THEORETICAL REVIEW

2.1. A Brief Description of Contrastive Analysis

Contrastive analysis Naibaho 2006: 2 is an activity in contrasting the first language structure with the second language structure in order to identify the correspondences and non-correspondences of the two languages. Contrastive analysis has some purposes, such as to contrast the first language structure and the second’s; to predict the difficulties and the error in learning language and to arrange and to prepare the method in conveying the material. In this thesis, the writer wants to emphasize language structure between English and Batak Toba by adding prefixes for each language. Contrastive analysis Guntur 1972:43 has two aspects of analyzing, they are: a Psychological aspect Psychology aspect concerns on difficulties in learning, the way of arranging the teaching materials and how the way in giving the teaching materials b Linguistics aspect Linguistics aspects concerns with the contrasted problems, what will be to be contrasted, and how to contrast them. Contrastive study attempts to analyze the correspondences and non- correspondences between languages in contact, at some or all expression levels. The primary objective is the examination of systematic correspondences and Universitas Sumatera Utara correspondences between aspects of languages concerned. The goal of contrastive analysis Naibaho 2006: 1 is to find out whether the prefix: 1. Correspondent 2. Partly Correspondent 3. Non Correspondent Correspondence means that there are similarities found between the source and target language the writer analyzes, for example, they are correspondence in form. Partly correspondence means that there are some similarities between the source and target language, but not in whole part. While non correspondence is there is no similarities found between the source and target language. In this analysis, the writer has to consider the form, distribution, function and meaning. Form is one of the most widely used terms in linguistics with a correspondingly wide range of meaning. It will discuss about the changing of base form after attaching prefix. It can be prefixes that start with vowel, consonant, semivowel, dipthong, and cluster. Vowel phoneme is the vocal sounds made without audible stopping of the breath such as a, i, u, e, o; then consonant is a speech sound produced by abstructing or impeding the passage of air at the vocaltract above glottis; and diphtong is when one syllable consists of two vowel sounds, it is necessary to pronounce them by means of quick glide from one vowel to the others, for example ai in glide; and ei in make Ridwan 1997: 8. The variant realizations of a linguistic unit are referred to as ‘form’ of the unit. And meaning is the basic notion is used in linguistics both as a datum and also as a criterion of analysis linguists study meaning, and also use meaning as a criterion for studying other aspects of language. In contrastive analysis, the writer analyzes Universitas Sumatera Utara the base form. Base form is a term used in Morphology as an alternative to root and stem; it refers to any part of a word seen as a unit to which an operation can be applied when one adds an affix to a root or stem. The terms that the writer uses to support the analysis are form, distribution, function and meaning. In form, the writer can use vowel, consonant, diphthong, affixes, etc to be discussed. In distribution, the writer analyze the distribution of the word classes consist verb, noun, adjective, adverb, and numeral. In function, the writer discusses the process of word classes’ changes, for examples: noun to verb, noun to adjective, etc. In meaning, the writer will analyze whether there is similar meaning or not between the two languages. Of course, in analyzing language the writer have to contrast both the two languages in same term, if the writer uses prefix to be discussed in source language. The writer has to use the same term in the target language too. The writer can’t analyze both the two languages with different term because the writer will not find the similarities and differences between them. In this scientific paper, the term to be discussed generally is prefix. Prefix is a kind of affix that is bounded. It means that prefix can not stand alone or don’t have meaning with out attaching to certain word. Prefix takes part or position in front of word. It is signed with a dash - after it, for example, in English: un-, cover-, mis-, under-, etc. In contrastive analysis, there are source and target language. In this case, the source language is English, while the target language is Batak Toba. Both of these two languages will be analyzed in terms of form, distribution, function, and meaning. Universitas Sumatera Utara

2.2. Morphology