tar- + alo taralo t
Λ
r
Λ
lo ‘can be against’ tar- + tea
tartea t
Λ
rt є
Λ
‘ can be removed’
Unwillinglyunexpected Example:
tar- + dungo tardungo t
Λ
rdu βo ‘unwillingly wake up’
tar- + songgot tarsonggot t
Λ
rso βgot ‘unwillingly surprise’
tar- + ambat tarambat t
Λ
r
Λ
mb
Λ
t ‘unwillingly hindered’ tar- + boan
tarboan t
Λ
rbo
Λ
n ‘unwillingly brought’ tar- + halomong
tarhalomong t
Λ
rh
Λ
lomo β ‘amazed’
6. Prefix ha- h
Λ
- Distribution
Prefix ha- can be attached to: a. Adjective, such as, robur, biar, gogo.
Example: ha- + robur
harobur h
Λ
robur ‘be spread’ ha- + biar
habiar h
Λ
bi
Λ
r ‘be afraid’ ha- + gogo
hagogo h
Λ
gogo ‘be strong’ b. Adverb, such as, ruar, duru, julu, jae, purba, anggoni.
Example: ha- + ruar
haruar h
Λ
ru
Λ
r ‘out’ ha- + duru
haduru h
Λ
duru ‘out’
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ha- + julu hajulu h
Λ
d ulu ‘hilt’ ha- + jae
hajae h
Λ
d
Λ
є ‘downstream’ ha- + purba
hapurbah
Λ
purb
Λ
‘east’ ha- + anggoni
haanggoni h
Λ’Λ
βgoni ‘southeast’ c. Verb, such as, ula, lanja, dundung.
Example: ha- + ula
haula h
Λ
ul
Λ
‘do’ ha- + lanja
halanja h
Λ
l
Λ
nd
Λ
‘lifted’ ha- + dundung
hadundung h
Λ
dundu β ‘reached’
Function
Prefix ha- can change the word class. Adjective into Verb
Ha- + Adjective Verb
Example: ha- + robur
harobur h
Λ
robur ‘ be spread’ ha- + biar
habiar h
Λ
bi
Λ
r ‘be afraid’
Form
Prefix ha- can not change the base form. Example:
ha- + duru haduru h
Λ
duru ‘out’ ha- + julu
hajulu h
Λ
d3ulu ‘hilt’ ha- + jae
hajae h
Λ
d3
Λ
є ‘downstream’ ha- + anggoni
haanggoni h
Λ’Λ
βgoni ‘southeast’
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Meaning
Prefix ha- has meaning: Able
Example: ha- + ula
haula h
Λ
ula ‘can be done’ ha- + lanja
halanja h
Λ
l
Λ
nd
Λ
‘can be lifted’ ha- + dundung
hadundung h
Λ
dundu β ‘can be reached’
Show a direction or place. Example:
ha- + julu hajulu h
Λ
d ulu ‘to hilt’ ha- + duru
haduru h
Λ
duru ‘to out’ ha- + anggoni
haanggoni h
Λ’Λ
βgoni ‘to southeast’
7. Prefix um- um-
Distribution
Prefix um- can be attached to: a. Adjective, such as, uli, balga, mora, roa.
Example: um- + uli
umuli umuli ‘beautiful’ um- + balga
umbalga umb
Λ
lg
Λ
‘big’ um- + mora
ummora um’mor
Λ
‘rich’ um- + roa
umroa umro
Λ
‘ugly’ b. Verb, such as, bege, bagi, bahen.
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Example: um- + bege
umbege umbєgє ‘listen’ um- + bagi
umbagi umb
Λ
gi ‘divide’ um- + bahen
umbahen umb
Λ
h єn ‘make’
Function
Prefix um- can not change the word class.
Um- + Adjective Adjective
Um- + Verb Verb
Example: um- + pistar
umpistar umpist
Λ
r ‘clever’ um- + taba
umtaba umt
Λ
b
Λ
‘cut’ um- + antuk
umantuk um
Λ
ntuk ‘knock’
Form
Prefix um- can not change the base form. Example:
um- + bolak umbolak umbol
Λ
k ‘wide’ um- + asom
umasom um
Λ
som ‘acid’ um- + olat
umolat umol
Λ
t um- + timbo
umtimbo umtimbo ‘high’
Meaning
Prefix um- has meaning. As a comparative degree.
Example:
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um- + pistar umpistar umpist
Λ
r ‘cleverer’ um- + uli
umuli umuli ‘more beautiful’ um- + balga
umbalga umb
Λ
lg
Λ
‘bigger’ um- + mora
ummora um’mor
Λ
‘richer’ Doing a base form.
Example: um- + bolak
umbolak umbol
Λ
k ‘expanded’ um- + taba
umtaba umt
Λ
b
Λ
‘cutting’ um- + antuk
umantuk um
Λ
ntuk ‘knock’ um- + bege
umbege umbєgє ‘listen’ um- + bahen
umbahen umb
Λ
h єn ‘make’
EXCEPTION.
In prefix um-, sometimes Batak Toba people tend to use this form as an infix, for example:
um- + timbo umtimbo tumimbo ‘higher’
um- + taba umtaba tumaba ‘knock’
But in this case, the meaning of words after attaching –um- um- is not changing.
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4.3 Analysis