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a. Definitions of Perception
There are many experts who talk about the perception. According to Rookes and Willson 200
0, perception is “a process which involves the recognition and interpretation of stimuli which register on our senses
” p. 1. Kreitner and Kinicki 2008 state the
“perception is a cognitive process that enables us to interpret and understand our surroundings” p. 183. Robbins and
Judge 2012 see the perception as “a process by which individuals organize and interpret their sensory impressions in order to give meaning to their environment”
p. 166. Based on these definitions, the researcher concludes that the perception
will include the process of recognizing and interpreting the information as the stimuli. Then, people will try to understand and organize the result of the
interpretation. The result of their interpretation can affect their perception and how they give meaning to the environment.
b. Process of Perception
Szilagyi and Wallace 1980 show the process of perception. The process can be illustrated in Figure 2.1.
Figure 2.1 Process of Perception Szilagyi Wallace, 1980, p. 72
Based on Figure 2.1, Szilagyi and Wallace 1980 mention three processes of the perception; 1 awareness or attention to the incoming stimulus, 2 translating
11 incoming stimuli into some messages, and 3 deciding on the appropriate action
or behavior in response the message p. 72. From the process, people should be aware of the stimulus which is stimulated to the brain. Everything can be the
stimulus, i.e., a person, an object, and a sound. Therefore, people will pay attention and recognize the stimulus which is input to the brain. Then, people will
try to interpret the stimulus and translate it into the messages. The last, people will respond to the message and decide their action or behavior.
c. Factors that Influence the Perception
Robbins and Judge 2012 claim that there are factors which influence the people
’s perception. There are three factors: the perceiver, situation, and target.
Figure 2.2 Factors that Influence Perception Robbins Judge, 2012, p. 167
From Figure 2.2, first Robbins and Judge 2012 mention the perceiver. It consists of the attitudes, motives, interests, experience, and expectations. Sometimes these
elements affect a person’s perception of something at the first time. The
researcher takes an example of the expectation. For example, when student A comes to a college library in another university, she expects that she will get good
Factors in the perceiver
Attitudes, motives, interests, experience, expectations
Factors in the target
Novelty, motion, sounds, size, background, proximity, similarity Factors in the situation
Time, work setting, social setting
Perception
12 service and some useful books. However, the reality reverses 360 degrees.
Therefore, a high expectation can cause a different perception. Second, Robbins and Judge 2012 mention the situation. It consists of the
time, work setting, and social setting. The researcher takes an example of the time. For example, student B usually does his homework at night but student C can
concentrate on doing his homework in the morning. This short example shows that time can affect the students’ perception of the effective time in order to finish
the homework. Third, Robbins and Judge 2012 mention the target. It consists of the
novelty, motion, sounds, size, background, proximity, and similarity. The researcher takes an example of the background. For example, student C who
comes from a broken home family is always considered as a naughty student since he or she cannot get the attention from their parents. Yet, it
is only the people’s perception. Next, the researcher explains the theories of technology in education.
3. Technology in Education
In this part, the researcher explains the computer literacy, Internet literacy, and blended learning. The explanations are as follows.
a. Computer Literacy
In this research, the researcher needs the participants’ background knowledge of the computer literacy. This background will
relate the participants’ information to the discussion in the chapter IV. Wilson 2010 claim
s “further, with the growing demand for college graduates with improved computer and
internet literacy, inclusion of these technologies can help widen students career
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