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to the protagonist in the conflict. Both antagonist and protagonist can be good and bad or good and good but they have different perception on something.
3. Characterization
Characterization is “the process by which an author creates a character” Rohrberger Woods Jr, 1971, p. 20. Through the experiences from the
characters themselves, the author can build many sides of characterizations. The experiences themselves can be the process of the author creations; how the
characters can be developed by them. Moreover, the way of an author develops the characters can be from an inspiration of someone. Henkle 1977 also says that
“characterization is the attention given certain figures and the personal intensity that a character seems to transmit” p. 87. Therefore in characterization, the
characters, especially the important characters, in the story are complicated due to the attention given. The personal intensity is the emotion and sense which the
characters do their actions to build their personal descriptions. Rohrberger and Woods Jr 1971 also say that “characters have particular
personalities and physical attributes that distinguish them from each character” p. 20. It means that each character has his own style which means that each of them
can be compared or it can be said that he has his own uniqueness from the characteristics and some physical attributes that represent something. There are
many explanations why real people behave and act as they do at present time. It can be known from their outward appearances of their dress, gestures, conversation,
opinions, and the personal contacts. However, there is one thing that a person cannot do like the author to get those reasons, which is coming to the thought of the
person Murphy, 1972, p. 161.
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As the way to characterize the characters, Murphy 1972 proposes nine ways, namely personal description, character as seen by another, speech, past life,
conversation of others, reactions, direct comment, thoughts, and mannerisms pp. 161-173. First in the personal description, the character can be described from a
person’s appearance and clothes. The appearance is physical description that the author has given such as the face, skin, eyes, and other parts of body. The clothes
worn usually indicate the person’s background and origin whether he wears traditional clothes, middle age era, or modern era.
Second is character as seen by another. In this way, the author describes the character through another’s eyes and opinions. Here, the author puts himself as the
third person in the novel by using one character who sees and makes a remark of another character’s behavior. So, the author will not directly say the behavior from
his thought but he will use another’s thought of another character to convey what is in the character’s mind.
Third is speech. By using speech in conversation, the reader will know how the character is described. Every time a person says something or gives his opinion
about anything in a dialogue with others, it means that the person gives a portrait to the readers about his personality or characteristic. Even the way he speaks and the
choice of words that come from his mouth will give some information about what kind of person he is.
Fourth is past life. By having the past events experienced by the character, the readers will know that the experiences shape the character building as the
effect. Sometimes, the effect of past life can be revealed by the character until the end of the story or it can change the character’s behavior when the character stays
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at the present. This propose can be applied through the author’s direct comment, person’s thought, or conversation.
Fifth is conversation of others. The author informs the readers about the person in the novel through other characters in the novel. What people say about
him through conversation can be a clue to the readers to understand the character. It does not mean that the person which is spoken always has a trouble but it is just
people’s opinion about him. Sixth is reaction. When the person faces certain situation or events, he will
react as the response of that situation. This way can be a description to the readers about that person’s characteristics. The way he reacts even though it is only in the
form of body movements such as gesture and facial expressions, can be the additional information to the readers.
Seventh is direct comment. The author can describe a person’s characteristics by using direct comment about that person’s personality as stated in
the novel directly. So here, the author does not need to use other characters’ thought or speech to describe the character.
Eight is thought. In the real life, it is difficult to know what someone thinks about. This way can only happen in the novel where the author creates and knows
what the character or the person thinks about and gives this information directly to the readers.
The last is mannerism. In this way, the readers will understand the person’s characteristics through his manner or habit that he usually does when he wants to
start doing something or what the person does when he speaks such as putting his
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finger into his pocket or taking some notes when someone else speaks to him. Those are the manners that the readers take as the references.
4. Conflict
