Meaning Types of Conflict

14 finger into his pocket or taking some notes when someone else speaks to him. Those are the manners that the readers take as the references.

4. Conflict

a. Meaning

Conflict creates such situation where there are many gaps between two or more person’s relationships. Rubin et all say that “conflict means perceived divergence of interest, or a believe that the parties’ current aspirations cannot be achieved simultaneously” as cited in Isenhart Spangle, 2000, p. 3. It means that conflict happens when one has already noticed that other’ minds are different from him to cooperate together. Conflict also happens when an agreement is broken and one side does not have responsible to take or to do what is stated in the agreement including the risk of it. Here, Edelman and Craig say that “conflict occurs when two people cannot agree on the actions that one person takes or that he or she doesn’t want the other take” as cited in Isenhart Spangle, 2000, p. 3. So, a conflict between two people can happen when one thinks that the decision to take is good but it is not good as another thinks. There is no balance situation between them; one gets the advantage but another gets the disadvantage.

b. Types of Conflict

1 Interpersonal Conflict Interpersonal conflict happens between two or more individuals. Worchel and Cooper 1979 explain that interpersonal conflict can arise when both parties have same goals but they have different approaches to achieve them p. 463. It means that the matters argued are not always about competition but also different PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI 15 techniques to solve the problem in interpersonal conflict. Hocker and Wilmot also say that conflict is “an expressed struggle between at least two interdependent parties who perceive incompatible goals, scarce resource, and interference from other party in achieving their goals as cited in Redmond Beebe, 2010, p. 216. It means that interpersonal conflict happens when two or more parties have tension among them because they have different opinion, arguments, or backgrounds in reaching their goals. From Hocker and Wilmot’s definition, there are four elements in the interpersonal conflict. First is expressed struggle. People show their emotion through non-verbal behavior such as facial expression or voice. Keltner says that the struggle they express is developed from mild differences, disagreement, dispute, campaign, litigation, until fight as cited in B. Steven, B. Susan, and Redmond, 2010, p. 217. Second is between at last two interdependent people. In this case, all people are dependent each other in the society. The more they interact or spend time together, the more they have conflict among them. If there is someone who independent from another, then what another person does will have minimal effect on him. Third are an incompatible goal, scarce resource, and interference. Here conflict happens when both parties want the same thing but both of them cannot have it or one of them wants the opposite one from another one. Last is achieving goals. In achieving goals, sometimes there is no understanding process to know more what the party wants. Therefore, there are some goals which cannot be reached and it leads to the conflict. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI 16 2 Intrapersonal Conflict Intrapersonal conflict happens within an individual and himself while the interpersonal conflict deals with two or more than one individuals. The intrapersonal conflict is related to the individual’s experiences when making a choice between two or more alternatives. Jones and Gerard also explain that intrapersonal conflict is “a state that obtains for an individual when he is motivated to make two or more mutually incompatible response” as cited in Worchel Cooper, 1979, p. 460. Here, it means when facing an intrapersonal conflict, a person, as the individual, has many sides to take. When he is faced by more than one choice, there must be pros and cons inside him. Worchel and Cooper 1979 explain that there are four kinds in intrapersonal conflict p. 461. Those are: a Approach-approach This type of conflict will happen when a person is motivated or encouraged to get two positive goals but he can only achieve one at the end. Both of the goals actually are attractive to have. Usually, it is because the stronger is the closer one or the motivation to have one is higher than another one. b Avoidance-avoidance This type of conflict happens when someone should choose between two unattractive goals. It means that both of them are negatives or disadvantages. The best solution is choosing the one which has little risk and leaving another one which is the worst. c Approach-avoidance This type of conflict contains attractive and unattractive things in one goal. There is a desire of an individual to get the goal but also leave that goal at the same PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI 17 time. In another word, one goal has a disadvantage and an advantage, which equal each other. The solution usually is by taking the advantage of that goal but also directly avoiding the risks. d Double approach-avoidance In double approach avoidance, there are two goals and each of them has positive and negative aspects. Here, a person can choose one of the goals. This type of conflict also provides any options to choose the goal, which has two positives or two negatives. Many approach-approach conflicts mostly show to be double approach-avoidance because usually the choice of the goal will eliminate the other goals.

c. Conflict Resolutions