Mr. Lewisham`s conflicts in his marriage life as reflected in H.G. Wells` Love and Mr. Lewisham.

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c are appiled .The method o f thi sstudy wa s ilbrary research .The y d u t s s i h t f o e c r u o s y r a m ir

p wa sH.G Wells ’ Love and Mr .Lewisham. The m o r f e r e w s e c r u o s y r a d n o c e

s severa lbook swhichs uppo trt hiss tudy . d

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d -avoidance confilct ,and an approach-avoidance confilct abou t t o n r o l e h t E g n i v a e

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b However ,healsoapp ilesi denttiy development,i nitmacy, t i x e d n

a especially wtihEthel .Tosolvehisi nrtapersona lconfilct sabou tchoosing , e g a ir r a m r o y d u t s s i

h he appile sadding cogniiton. To solve hi sinrtapersona l g n i v a e l t u o b a t c il f n o

c Ethelo rnot ,heapp ile schangingcogniiton .

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m menikah keitka dia masih mengeja rmimpinya untuk menjad i g n a r o e

s professor . Namun , hidupnya menjad i berantakan keti ka menghadap i i a g a b r e

b masalahata sperannyas ebagais eorangs uam idanmu ird . a n a m i a g a b h a l a d a a m a tr e P . i n i i d u t s m a l a d h a l a s a m a u d a d

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p pendekatan psikologi ,pendekatan sosia lsejarah,t eor ipernikahan ,dan k il f n o k i r o e

t dtierapkan .Metode yang digunakan adalah stud ipustaka .Sumbe r l e v o n h a l a d a i n i i d u t s i r a d a m a t

u Love and Mr .Lewisham karangan H.G Wells . r

e b m u

S keduaadalahbeberapabukuyangmenunjangs tudii ni . m a h s i w e L . r M , s i s il a n a n a k r a s a d r e

B digambarkan sebaga iseseorang yang r

e

t tata , mpe bimbang ,dan peka .Diaj uga menghadapibaik konfilk peorangan dan o

k nfilk baitn . Konfilknya dengan orang lain meilbatkan Chaffery dan Ethel . a b it g n a y a y n n a h a k i n r e p i a n e g n e m h a l a d a y r e f f a h C n a g n e d a y n k il f n o

K -itba dan

a jr e k e

p an Chaffery . Konfilknya dengan Ethe l adalah tentang kecemburuan . m a l a i d g n a y n it a b k il f n o k n a k g n a d e

S inya adalah approach-approach confilct h a k i n e m u a t a h a l o k e s h il i m e m m a l a

d yangdiikut iolehdoubleapproach-avoidance t c il f n o

c ,dan approach-avoidance confilct untuk meninggalkan Ethe latau itdak. k il f n o k i s a t a g n e m k u t n

U nya dengan orang lain ,dia melakukan negosiasi baik l e h t E n a d y r e f f a h C n a g n e

d . Namun dia juga menerapkan identtiy development , ti x e d n a , y c a m it n

i ,terutamadenganEthel. Untukmengatas ikonfilkbaitnnyadalam a y n n a h a k i n r e p u a t a h a l o k e s h il i m e

m ,dia menerapkan adding cogniiton .Untuk s e l e y n e

m aikan konfilk baitnnya untuk meninggalkan Ethe l atau itdak , dia p a r e n e

m k anchangingcogniiton.

Kata kunci : konfilk perorangan , konfilk baitn , negosias,i adding cogniiton , n o it i n g o c g n i g n a h c

x i C

A KNOWLEDGMENTS

s s e l b s i H r o f ,t s ir h C s u s e J , r u o i v a S y m k n a h t o t e k il d l u o w

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a thei rcare and love tha tthey

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I I

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A PROVALPAG S E ... ii E G A P N O I T A C I D E

D ………... vi Y T I L A N I G I R O S ’ K R O W F O T N E M E T A T

S ………... . v

I S A K I L B U P N A U J U T E S R E P N A A T A Y N R E

P ... vi

T C A R T S B

A ………... ii v K A R T S B

A ………... iiv i C

A KNOWLEDGMENTS ………... x i S T N E T N O C F O E L B A

T ………... i x S E C I D N E P P A F O S T S I

L ………... vx i

N O I T C U D O R T N I I R E T P A H

C ………... 1 .

A Backgroundoft heStudy ………... 1 .

B ProblemFormulaiton ………... 4 .

C Objecitve soft heStudy ………... 4 .

D Benefti soft heStudy ………... 5 .

E De ifniitono fTerms ………... 5

E R U T A R E T I L D E T A L E R F O W E I V E R I I R E T P A H

C ………... 7

.

A Reviewo fRelatedStudies ………... 7 .

B Reviewo fRelatedTheo ires………... 8 .

1 C iritca lApproach………... 8 .

2 Character ………... 9 .

3 Characte irzaiton ………... 1 1 .

4 Confilct ………... 4 1 .

a Meaning ………... 41 .

b Type so fConfilct ………... 4 1 )

ii x )

2 In rtapersona lConfilct ………... 6 1 )

a Approach-approach ………... 6 1 )

b Avoidance-avoidance ………... 6 1 )

c Approach-avoidance ………... 6 1 )

d Doubleapproach-avoidance ………... 7 1 .

c Confilc tResoluitons ………... 7 1 )

1 Interpersona lConfilc tResoluiton ………... 7 1 )

a Negoitaiton ………... 7 1 )

b Mediaiton ………... 7 1 )

c Faclitiaiton ………... 8 1 )

d Arbirtaiton ………... 8 1 )

e Judicia lProcesses ………... 8 1 )

2 In rtapersona lConfilc tResoluiton ………... 9 1 )

a ChangingCogniiton ………... 9 1 )

b AddingCogniiton ………... 9 1 )

c AtleirngI mpo trance ………... 0 2 .

5 Mar irage ………... 0 2 .

a Meaning ………... 0 2 .

b Confilcti nMar irage ………... 1.. 2 .

c Confilc tResoluitoni nMarirage ………... 2 2 .

C Reviewont heHisto irca lBackground ………... 4 2 .

D Theoreitca lFramework ………... 2 7

Y G O L O D O H T E M I I I R E T P A H

C ………... 9 2 .

A Objec toft heStudy ………... 9 2 .

B Approachoft heStudy ………... 0 3 .

C Methodoft heStudy………... 1 3

S I S Y L A N A V I R E T P A H

C ………... 2 3 .

A TheDescirpitono fMr .Lewisham ………... 2.... 3 .

ii i x .

2 Doubftul ………... 5 3 .

3 Sensiitve ………... 7 3 .

B Mr .Lewisham’ sConfilcti nhi sMarirage ………... 8 3 .

1 HisI nterpersona lConfilcts ………... 9 3 .

a Mr .Lewishamversu sChaffery ………... 0 4 .

b Mr .Lewishamversu sEthel ………... 4 4 .

2 HisI nrtapersona lConfilcts ………... 8 4 .

a Choosinghi sStudyo rMarirage ………... 8 4 .

b LeavingEthe lo rnot ………... 4 5

T P A H

C ERVCONCLUSIONS,I MPLICATIONS ,ANDSUGGESTION S . . 59 .

A Conclusions ………... 9 5 .

B Impilcaitons ………... 2 6 .

C Suggesitons ………... 3 6

S E C N E R E F E

R ... 5 6 S

E C I D N E P P

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S E C I D N E P P A F O T S I L

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A TheSummaryoft heStory……… ( 2) .

B TheBiographyoft heAuthor ……… ( 5) .

1

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

This chapter consists of five parts. The first part is the background of the study which gives a reason for choosing the novel. The second part is problem formulation which describes the problems which will be analyzed. The third part is the objectives of the study to state the purpose of the study undertaken related to the problem formulation. The fourth part is the benefit of the study which explains the contribution of this study to the readers generally. The last part is the definitions of terms to avoid misunderstanding and misinterpretation.

A. Background of the Study

For all couples, marriage symbolizes a holy bond between a man and a woman. Marriage, establishing a home, and landing a good position are social correlatives for happiness and fulfillment which represent personal enrichment and success; they stand for it, in a way (Henkle, 1977, p. 36). That is why there is no doubt that when a couple has a commitment to live together, they are demanded to have a responsibility as a husband and a wife.

In a marriage, the couple loves each other and love gives the power or some motivation to their life. Love gives an affection of living together for any condition, bad or good. When both spouses live in one roof, there is something that cannot be avoided, namely conflict. The conflict that happens between a husband and a wife is called interpersonal conflict or if it happens within him/herself is called

 

intrapersonal conflict. Sometimes, a husband and a wife need their own time, to reflect what he/she wants actually.

As a young married couple, a man and a woman usually have a little picture of what marriage is. It can be because of their youth. Niwano (as cited in Dhammananda, 1995, p. 25) says that young people in love usually think and do sweet and romantic things. Their minds are still full of pleasurable things to please each other. However the way they think and do at dating cannot reflect the real life of a marriage because in marriage, they will face many problems that they have not imagined at dating previously. So, it means that they have not been ready to take a big responsibility for a marriage. Living together as a husband and a wife means that life is not always full of romantic sides. When they are quarrelling, they will know the other’s sides or the other’s characteristics, weaknesses or bad habits that they did not know while dating.

When the young couples come to a transition of life after they get married, they should prepare many things. They not only share about their love and affection but also many others. The more they spend their time in one roof, the more demands that they want or need. Niwano also says that

"When the time of dates, emotional pictures, dances, and parties has passed, the young married couples will have to live together, share meals, and reveal to each other their defects as well as their merits. They will have to spend more than half of their life each day together; this kind of living makes demands that are different from the less exacting needs of dating and first love. (as cited in Dhammananda, 1995, p. 26).

It can be seen that when the young couple begins a serious relationship, there is one thing that must be realized that is to become mature people. It means that, they

 

have to be responsible for taking care of each other, fulfilling some living needs, especially if they have children.

Novel as one of genres of literature can portray human life experience as discussed above. The story may affect the readers emotionally. Eastman (1995) argues that novel “is a fictitious account of human life, told in a prose on a large scale, and so constructed as to give the reader emotional and intellectual pleasure of a designed quality” (p. 5). It means that a novel gives stimulus to the readers to react or respond what happens in the novel as it reflects life experiences.

This portrait of life is also reflected in Mr. Lewisham, the main character, in the novel entitled Love and Mr. Lewisham written by H.G. Wells. As a young man

of eighteen years old, he has many dreams to realize. At his young age, he is married to a girl named Ethel. Both of them actually are idealists. He wants to be someone more than just an assistant master at Whortley proprietary school as a science teacher. He works hard to pay the tuition for his schooling. However, Ethel emphasizes that he should pay more attention to their marriage life. In fact, when they are married, he only has little money. His salary actually is not enough for both of them but it is not a matter of money that can be a problem. Here, he has an interest in Socialism and he cannot share his interest with Ethel easily but only with Alice Heydinger who can understand and appreciate his ideas. He is also surprised to know that Alice has an interest in poetry. Both of them become best friends and often talk about their interests to each other.

Here, the readers can see how Mr. Lewisham decides to keep his marriage but he seems doubtful even though he has a deep love for Ethel since they meet for the first time. He realizes that marriage is not as simple as it looks. Even though he

 

is married to Ethel, all of his desires or dreams are totally focused on his schooling to achieve his dream as a teacher. However, he gives up his efforts. He decides to work only for his marriage financial income.

This way of life gives the readers, especially the youth, a lesson of how getting married at young age will not be beneficial for them. It does not mean that marriage totally breaks young people’s dream, but marriage, once again, is a long lasting relationship so people need to do it at the right age and time. Because of this, I am interested in analyzing Mr. Lewisham’s conflicts in his marriage life as reflected in H.G Wells’ Love and Mr. Lewisham.

B. Problem Formulation

As seen in the background of the study previously, it can be drawn up some problems formulation related to the Mr. Lewisham’s conflicts in his marriage life. There are two questions which can be analyzed:

1. How is Mr. Lewisham described in H.G. Wells’ Love and Mr. Lewisham?

2. How does Mr. Lewisham solve his conflicts in his marriage life as reflected in H.G. Wells’ Love and Mr. Lewisham?

C. Objectives of the Study

This study is aimed to answer the questions in the problems formulation. There are three objectives for this study which are to find out how Mr. Lewisham is described, what Mr. Lewisham’s conflicts are, and how Mr. Lewisham solves his conflicts in his marriage life as reflected in H.G. Wells’ Love and Mr. Lewisham.

 

D. Benefits of the Study

This study gives benefits to the readers of this novel. They can learn how to solve the problems in a marriage life and how young people can keep their marriages when they are still ambitious to reach their dreams. It also presents the meaning of marriage when they want to start to begin the new life together with someone they love.

Through the characters in this novel, the readers can see that it is not easy to build the relationship, especially to make a new family. It is because there are many things to prepare and how some couples shares what they have each other. The readers also learn how a husband and a wife must adjust their characteristics, habits, the way of thinking, especially when they have a problem each other.

E. Definition of Terms

There are some terms in this study are defined to avoid the misunderstanding. They are:

1. Conflict

Thomas says that conflict is " a process that originates when one individual perceives that another party has frustrated, or is about to frustrate some goal or concern of his or hers” (as cited in Borisoff and Victor, 1989, p. 1). It means that conflict happens in many or various situations. It depends on what kind of problems some people face or deal. The conflict that they should solve must be some pros and cons between or among others when they interact each other or within themselves to reach the final agreement or decision.

 

2. Marriage

Marriage is “an essentially private, intimate, emotional relationship created by two people for their own personal reason to entrance their own personal being (Gallagher, 2002, p. 3). It means that marriage is a private relationship between a husband and a wife where they can express their intimacy and emotion to maintain their relation. Through this way, their relationship becomes more intense so that they can express their feelings freely.

3. Victorian Age

The Victorian age “referring to the Queen Victoria’s reign, from 1837 to 1901, was a period of drastic political, economic, and social exchange” (Schluter, 2008, p. 1). During Industrial Revolution in Victorian age, the social life in England changed. Men and women had an equal position. Women could work as typists, secretaries, etc. They also could study until university. Some men and women, especially from the middle class, were not married at the young age but at the older age due to the jobs that they worked.

7  

CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter consists of four parts. The first part is a review of related studies to show other studies of the same novel Love and Mr. Lewisham with

different topics. The second part is a review of related theories that presents critical approach, theory of character and characterization, theories of conflict, and theory of marriage. The third part is a review of historical background to explain Victorian Age as the setting of the novel. The fourth part is a theoretical framework that explains how those theories are applied to analyze the problem formulated.

A. Review of Related Studies

There are three studies of the same novel conducted by three undergraduate students of Sanata Dharma University. The first study is from Anna Kus Saparti in 2004. Her study is about The Influence Two Female Characters towards Mr.

Lewisham’s Life in H.G. Wells’ Love and Mr. Lewisham. The writer discusses three

points in his study. First is the characteristics of two female characters, who are Ethel Henderson and Alice Heydinger, in the story. Second is the influences of two female characters in Mr. Lewisham’s life. Third is how Ethel Henderson can lead Mr. Lewisham to his failure in life.

The second study is from Mateus Budhi Prabowo in 2005. His study is

about The Analysis on Message in H.G. Wells Love and Mr. Lewisham Seen

through Mr. Lewisham’s Character Development. The writer discusses three main

attitude toward ‘love’. Second is how other main characters influence Mr. Lewisham’ characteristics development. Third are some messages which are presented in the novel from the main character’s characteristics.

The third study is from Ika Krisnawati Kurniadi in 2007. Her study is about

Love Needs as The Obstruction of Mr. Lewisham’s Achievement Motivation in

H.G. Wells’ Love and Mr. Lewisham. The writer discusses two points in his study.

First is how Mr. Lewisham’s achievement motivation is portrayed. Second are the factors that obstruct Mr. Lewisham’s achievement motivation and the results.

B. Review of Related Theories

This part is divided into four sections. They are critical approach, theories of character and characterization, theory of conflict, and theory of marriage. All of them are reviewed and give a clear understanding about the topic itself which is conflict.

1. Critical Approach

Rohberger and Woods Jr (1971) explain that there are five approaches, which are the formalist approach, the biographical approach, the socio-historical approach, the mythopoeic approach, and the psychological approach, in literature to study the elements of a story or a novel (6-15). Critical approach in literature is used to understand and to analyze the literature works. In this study, the approaches which are used are the psychological approach and the socio-historical approach.

The psychological approach is the study of human behavior or the psychological aspects especially about the characteristic or the human motivation. This approach also analyzes human personality and the influences of them in the

literary works. This approach digs up some characteristics or the personality through his thought, imagination, perception, expression, and action as seen in the story. Those aspects affect how a person interacts to others (interpersonal) and also to him/herself (intrapersonal). While the socio-historical approach studies the history or the civilization of the specific group of people including their culture that gives some influences to the literary works. In other words, the society which is reflected in the literary work is the representation of the society in a real history when the literary work is being written. It can be said that the civilization in the story may be the same as the time when the author lives and it can be one of the factor as the inspiration for the author to write the story.

2. Character

Character is “an imagined person who inhabits a story” (Kennedy & Gioia, 1999, p. 61). Through the character as the central of the action, the story can be alive. Rohrberger and Wood Jr (1971) say that “characters acts out in a particular time and place (setting) some kind of conflict in a patterns of events” (p. 20). It means that the characters as the single element of the story cannot be separated from other elements. The characters need time and place to speak and to act which create the story of the novel itself that can lead to the conflict as human interaction. There are many classifications of the character in the story. First, character can be divided into flat and round characters (Kennedy & Gioia, 1999, p. 61). Both of them depend on how the author figures them. Flat characters have only one trait or one side. In some stories, the minor characters tend to be flat characters because they always stay in certain personality and attribute which have already known by the readers like a common police/officer or a student. Round characters have more

features or many sides that the author figures them deeply and more detailed than flat characters. When the round character appears, other characters will see him from many different ways, especially about who he is. However, the readers have different way from them. The readers will see the round character from his own feeling, thought, and perception based on his experiences. Round characters frequently change because of growing, enlightening, or learning through the plot of story. This makes them have many dimensions in the other characters or the readers’ minds.

Besides those kinds of character, there are also major and minor characters. Major characters “perform a key structural fiction and deserve our fullest attention” (Henkle, 1977, p. 92). It means that the major characters are the center of the fiction which lead the events and the plot of the story. The minor characters are “less complex, or less intense, and drawn in the shallower relief, present what is often only one side of experience” (Henkle, 1977, p. 97). So here, the minor characters do not have full attentions in the story. The role of the minor characters supports the major characters’ experiences. It can be said that the minor characters have a little effects or nothing to the story which are different from the major characters which give many big effects to the elements of the novel.

A character can be classified into protagonist and antagonist (Rohrberger & Woods Jr, 1971, p. 20). A protagonist is the central character which is the most

important character in the story and he is the one to whom all the events have significance. Usually, there is more than one central character in many stories or novels. An antagonist character is another character who is usually getting involved

to the protagonist in the conflict. Both antagonist and protagonist can be good and bad or good and good but they have different perception on something.

3. Characterization

Characterization is “the process by which an author creates a character” (Rohrberger & Woods Jr, 1971, p. 20). Through the experiences from the characters themselves, the author can build many sides of characterizations. The experiences themselves can be the process of the author creations; how the characters can be developed by them. Moreover, the way of an author develops the characters can be from an inspiration of someone. Henkle (1977) also says that “characterization is the attention given certain figures and the personal intensity that a character seems to transmit” (p. 87). Therefore in characterization, the characters, especially the important characters, in the story are complicated due to the attention given. The personal intensity is the emotion and sense which the characters do their actions to build their personal descriptions.

Rohrberger and Woods Jr (1971) also say that “characters have particular personalities and physical attributes that distinguish them from each character” (p. 20). It means that each character has his own style which means that each of them can be compared or it can be said that he has his own uniqueness from the characteristics and some physical attributes that represent something. There are many explanations why real people behave and act as they do at present time. It can be known from their outward appearances of their dress, gestures, conversation, opinions, and the personal contacts. However, there is one thing that a person cannot do like the author to get those reasons, which is coming to the thought of the person (Murphy, 1972, p. 161).

As the way to characterize the characters, Murphy (1972) proposes nine ways, namely personal description, character as seen by another, speech, past life, conversation of others, reactions, direct comment, thoughts, and mannerisms (pp. 161-173). First in the personal description, the character can be described from a person’s appearance and clothes. The appearance is physical description that the author has given such as the face, skin, eyes, and other parts of body. The clothes worn usually indicate the person’s background and origin whether he wears traditional clothes, middle age era, or modern era.

Second is character as seen by another. In this way, the author describes the character through another’s eyes and opinions. Here, the author puts himself as the third person in the novel by using one character who sees and makes a remark of another character’s behavior. So, the author will not directly say the behavior from his thought but he will use another’s thought of another character to convey what is in the character’s mind.

Third is speech. By using speech in conversation, the reader will know how the character is described. Every time a person says something or gives his opinion about anything in a dialogue with others, it means that the person gives a portrait to the readers about his personality or characteristic. Even the way he speaks and the choice of words that come from his mouth will give some information about what kind of person he is.

Fourth is past life. By having the past events experienced by the character, the readers will know that the experiences shape the character building as the effect. Sometimes, the effect of past life can be revealed by the character until the end of the story or it can change the character’s behavior when the character stays

at the present. This propose can be applied through the author’s direct comment, person’s thought, or conversation.

Fifth is conversation of others. The author informs the readers about the person in the novel through other characters in the novel. What people say about him through conversation can be a clue to the readers to understand the character. It does not mean that the person which is spoken always has a trouble but it is just people’s opinion about him.

Sixth is reaction. When the person faces certain situation or events, he will react as the response of that situation. This way can be a description to the readers about that person’s characteristics. The way he reacts even though it is only in the form of body movements such as gesture and facial expressions, can be the additional information to the readers.

Seventh is direct comment. The author can describe a person’s characteristics by using direct comment about that person’s personality as stated in the novel directly. So here, the author does not need to use other characters’ thought or speech to describe the character.

Eight is thought. In the real life, it is difficult to know what someone thinks about. This way can only happen in the novel where the author creates and knows what the character or the person thinks about and gives this information directly to the readers.

The last is mannerism. In this way, the readers will understand the person’s characteristics through his manner or habit that he usually does when he wants to start doing something or what the person does when he speaks such as putting his

finger into his pocket or taking some notes when someone else speaks to him. Those are the manners that the readers take as the references.

4. Conflict

a. Meaning

Conflict creates such situation where there are many gaps between two or more person’s relationships. Rubin et all say that “conflict means perceived divergence of interest, or a believe that the parties’ current aspirations cannot be achieved simultaneously” (as cited in Isenhart & Spangle, 2000, p. 3). It means that conflict happens when one has already noticed that other’ minds are different from him to cooperate together.

Conflict also happens when an agreement is broken and one side does not have responsible to take or to do what is stated in the agreement including the risk of it. Here, Edelman and Craig say that “conflict occurs when two people cannot agree on the actions that one person takes or that he or she doesn’t want the other take” (as cited in Isenhart & Spangle, 2000, p. 3). So, a conflict between two people can happen when one thinks that the decision to take is good but it is not good as another thinks. There is no balance situation between them; one gets the advantage but another gets the disadvantage.

b. Types of Conflict

1) Interpersonal Conflict

Interpersonal conflict happens between two or more individuals. Worchel and Cooper (1979) explain that interpersonal conflict can arise when both parties have same goals but they have different approaches to achieve them (p. 463). It means that the matters argued are not always about competition but also different

techniques to solve the problem in interpersonal conflict. Hocker and Wilmot also say that conflict is “an expressed struggle between at least two interdependent parties who perceive incompatible goals, scarce resource, and interference from other party in achieving their goals (as cited in Redmond & Beebe, 2010, p. 216). It means that interpersonal conflict happens when two or more parties have tension among them because they have different opinion, arguments, or backgrounds in reaching their goals.

From Hocker and Wilmot’s definition, there are four elements in the interpersonal conflict. First is expressed struggle. People show their emotion through non-verbal behavior such as facial expression or voice. Keltner says that the struggle they express is developed from mild differences, disagreement, dispute, campaign, litigation, until fight (as cited in B. Steven, B. Susan, and Redmond, 2010, p. 217). Second is between at last two interdependent people. In this case, all people are dependent each other in the society. The more they interact or spend time together, the more they have conflict among them. If there is someone who independent from another, then what another person does will have minimal effect on him. Third are an incompatible goal, scarce resource, and interference. Here conflict happens when both parties want the same thing but both of them cannot have it or one of them wants the opposite one from another one. Last is achieving goals. In achieving goals, sometimes there is no understanding process to know more what the party wants. Therefore, there are some goals which cannot be reached and it leads to the conflict.

2) Intrapersonal Conflict

Intrapersonal conflict happens within an individual and himself while the interpersonal conflict deals with two or more than one individuals. The intrapersonal conflict is related to the individual’s experiences when making a choice between two or more alternatives. Jones and Gerard also explain that intrapersonal conflict is “a state that obtains for an individual when he is motivated to make two or more mutually incompatible response” (as cited in Worchel & Cooper, 1979, p. 460). Here, it means when facing an intrapersonal conflict, a person, as the individual, has many sides to take. When he is faced by more than one choice, there must be pros and cons inside him. Worchel and Cooper (1979) explain that there are four kinds in intrapersonal conflict (p. 461). Those are:

a) Approach-approach

This type of conflict will happen when a person is motivated or encouraged to get two positive goals but he can only achieve one at the end. Both of the goals actually are attractive to have. Usually, it is because the stronger is the closer one or the motivation to have one is higher than another one.

b) Avoidance-avoidance

This type of conflict happens when someone should choose between two unattractive goals. It means that both of them are negatives or disadvantages. The best solution is choosing the one which has little risk and leaving another one which is the worst.

c) Approach-avoidance

This type of conflict contains attractive and unattractive things in one goal. There is a desire of an individual to get the goal but also leave that goal at the same

time. In another word, one goal has a disadvantage and an advantage, which equal each other. The solution usually is by taking the advantage of that goal but also directly avoiding the risks.

d) Double approach-avoidance

In double approach avoidance, there are two goals and each of them has positive and negative aspects. Here, a person can choose one of the goals. This type of conflict also provides any options to choose the goal, which has two positives or two negatives. Many approach-approach conflicts mostly show to be double approach-avoidance because usually the choice of the goal will eliminate the other goals.

c. Conflict Resolutions

1) Interpersonal Conflict Resolution

There are five resolutions to reduce interpersonal conflict (Isenhart & Spangle, 2000, pp. 45-152). Those are:

a) Negotiation

Negotiation is a process where both parties find a way or a solution which can satisfy both of them. The solution agreed is a win-win solution where the final decision is acceptable and does not give disadvantages to one party. The best negotiation is integrative negotiation where the process is problem solving and collaborative by emphasizing on empathy and understanding others’ interest than self interest to protect the relationship of both parties.

b) Mediation

Mediation is a process which involves third party as a neutral party to guide the process of reconciliation. The party who has an issue or a problem should share

his/her concern to the mediator and there will be another party who does not stand in any party to clarify the problem. The success of the mediation depends on how the party shares his/her problem honestly to get the mutual agreement for both parties.

c) Facilitation

Facilitation is a process where a person helps a community or group to solve the problem to work together. Facilitation is placed in a group discussion to help the members to complete the group goals. The duty of the facilitator is to hold all group members so that all of them are involved together in problem solving and decision making.

d) Arbitration

Arbitration is a process where a neutral person listens to some problems from two parties and makes decision for them. The relationship between an arbitrator and the party is not really necessary like in mediation. The decision itself is controlled by the arbitrator fully without any interfering from the parties. It can be said that the final decision cannot be bargained anymore because the power is in the arbitrator.

e) Judicial Processes

Judicial process is a process where both public and private format and any legal or non legal procedures are blended together through case law. The method uses fact finding where the neutral party investigates and reports the problem to the court. The third party will tell the parties about the strengths and the weaknesses of each party after listening to the issues and what the parties expect if they come to

the court. Usually, there is a mini trial to specify the argument from each party and to provide a face to face dialogue.

2) Intrapersonal Conflict Resolution

In intrapersonal conflict, there is cognitive dissonance theory proposed by Festinger (Worchel & Cooper, 1979, p. 116). It describes how people change their actions of their attitudes when they face some choices in their minds. There are three things namely cognition, consonance, and dissonance. Cognition includes some thoughts in people’s mind. Consonance is about two cognitions that fit each other or what people do because they like it and support their goal. Dissonance concerns two cognitions that are opposite to each other or an act that people dislike but they have to do it because this is the only way to get the goal. Those three things lead some pressures and lead to intrapersonal conflict. To resolve it, there are three resolutions (Worchel & Cooper, 1979, p. 118). Those are:

a) Changing Cognition

When two cognitions or thoughts are against each other like something that one wants to get and another thing that one dislikes but he must do it, he can change his thoughts or perceptions. One can see the positive sides of the choice that he takes. When one can change the thoughts into one direction with his act, the conflict will be reduced.

b) Adding Cognition

In adding cognition, one can add more cognitions or thoughts to reduce the conflict. One can add some thoughts as the way to ensure that the choice he takes is the right decision. He can have or give reasonable reasons why he acts in that way because there are no more choices which are better than the decision he/she takes.

c) Altering Importance

In altering importance, one measures consonance and dissonance through necessity or which one is the most important among something liked and disliked and advantageous. When something disliked gives more advantage in the result, one should think that the thing he hates is nothing compared to the benefit that he/she gets in the result. When one thinks in that way, the portion of dissonance (thing that he hates) can be minimized to reduce the conflict inside him.

5. Marriage

a. Meaning

Marriage is a commitment between a man and a woman that comforts each other and the government has established marriage relationship through a law not only based on religion. Skolnick (1983) argues that “marriage is a social institution, a legally status involving legal rights and obligations” (p. 288). So, here, the law itself facilitates a marriage as a legal relationship so that a man and a woman can live in one roof as a husband and a wife.

Marriage life is not only about the duty of a man as the husband and a woman as the wife but there is also a process of how the relationship between a husband and a wife starts together, how they know each other deeper than previous, how they trust each other as the opportunity to grow together for the new life. Ramey says “marriage relationship is not a state but a process providing endless, opportunity for growth”(as cited in Heyer, 1980, p. 1). In another word, marriage is a new opportunity for both spouses to end the dating phase and to start the family life.

b. Conflict in Marriage

Conflict in marriage usually begins from a condition which is not acceptable for both spouses especially about their acts. Noller and Fitzpatrik (1993) say that

“Conflict occurs when family members do not agree about the events and situations in their lives. They may not agree about what is appropriate behavior in a given situation, who should perform particular family task, how resources should be shared, or how decisions should be made. In other words, conflict arises because family members perceive a difference between them” (p. 99).

It means that a conflict happens when there are different decisions about family matters like who should do this work according to family role but there is no way out because all members have different ways of thinking.

Hart explains that there are some areas for the treatment of conflict in a marriage namely how to think about conflict in marriage and conflict resolution (as cited in Heyer, 1980, p. 19). There are at least five views of conflicts in marriage life. First is that conflict in marriage cannot be avoided. It means that marriage is an intimate relationship where both spouses have different culture, perceptions, or shaping background. So, it is impossible that there is no conflict in a marriage life.

Second is that conflict in a marriage has a positive opportunity. The opportunity here is that conflict helps both spouses to grow so that they can resolve conflict and learn how to manage conflict later. They will be accustomed to face the crisis moment and protect each other so that relationship will not over. Third is a chance to give and receive as response. This view describes that when one gives something good to his spouse, then the good thing will come back as the response to him/her. Fourth is a different result from expectation as the key for conflict. Usually, there is some expectation which is wanted by one to another. One wants

someone else to behave as he demands but in the reality the expectation is different from the result. And each of spouses finds that there is a changing habit when both spouses have lived together for many years. When a husband or a wife finds that changing, one of them will have complaint. The last is the communication skill which is crucial. Here, the communication is important because one can share what his/her feeling is. When there is a little or no communication, something which is important is just left or the important thing is said but no one hears.

Sometimes, the age factor can be one of conflict causes. White (1983) says that “early marriages are risky as compared with later marriage” (p. 176). It is because the young couples are not ready to put duties, responsibility, and mental defense on their shoulders.

Schaap et all argue that one of the reasons why conflict in marriage happens is a non-acceptance feeling (as cited in Noller & Fitzpatrik, 1993, p. 117).It is such

kind of behavior when someone expresses his own feeling, another spouse cannot accept or finds it difficult to understand. Because of this, it can lead to misunderstanding that his spouse ignores him.

c. Conflict Resolution in Marriage

There are some conflict resolutions in marriage which are proposed to resolve the conflict. Black and Mouton say that those are care for one’s own interests and care for the relationship (as cited in Noller & Fitzpatrik, 1993, pp. 105-106). It means that when one spouse concerns about his/her own needs or interest, he should also consider his relationship with his/her spouse whether his/her interest will break the relationship (marriage) or keep it as the effect. Sometimes, a couple also uses intimacy to reduce the conflict (Noller &

Fitzpatrick, 1993, p. 95). Intimacy includes affection, expressiveness, personal idioms, sexuality, and others. Through intimacy, a couple spends the time to show their true feeling whether they still love each other or not.

Rusbult also says that there are four kinds of conflict resolution in marriage namely exit, voice, neglect, and loyalty (as cited in Noller & Fitzpatrick, 1993, p. 107). Exit contains such acts as leaving home, negletting the partner, threatening, and getting divorce. Voice involves open discussion which seeks the causes of the conflict together. Here, both spouses will share many things which are not satisfying for each other and how they clarify some misunderstanding. Neglect is a kind of conflict resolution by letting the relationship become worse by doing nothing. Loyalty is another resolution where a spouse has such faith that things will get better by supporting another partner.

Green says that the best way to resolve any conflict is communicating about who he really is and what he feels (as cited in Heyer, 1980, p. 67). It shows what actually happens in both spouses life. What are needed in good communication is good listening and clarification to avoid misunderstanding. Therefore, in communication, both spouses should be honest about their feeling. Communication also happens within him/herself. Here, one reflects his personality or what he has done. This stage is called identity development. It involves psychological processes of personal exploration and psychological differentiation (Noller & Fitzpatrick, 1993, p. 83). Psychological differentiation explores how different someone is among others. While personal exploration explores what kind of person he is for someone else.

Green also argues that there are some guidelines in resolving conflict (as cited in Heyer, 1980, p. 67). First of all is the willingness to bring up the problems that bother one. Second is willingness to listen to each other. Third is arranging some break time and place which is appropriate for the discussion. Fourth is postponing the dialogue until both spouses are ready. Fifth is responding verbally as well as emotionally to the problems that being discussed. Sixth is stating the position and expression why it is important for him. Seventh is checking with the spouse to make sure that one understands how he feels. Eight is giving options to show respect and consideration for both spouses’ feelings. Ninth is resolving the conflict by choosing some considerations. Tenth is doing on communal decision.

C. Review on the Historical Background

The historical background which is related to this study is the Victorian Era. The Victorian Age was the crucial era in England because all life aspects were totally changed at that time. The society was divided into upper class (income heritage), middle class (white collar workers), and poor class (working/labor class) (Schluter, 2008, pp. 1-2).

There are many points pointed out in the marriage life at the Victorian Era. British couples at that time had many considerations to choose between renting and having their own house. Schluter (2008) says that “many couples remained with their parents after marrying or moved in as lodgers with another family due to shortage and expensiveness of housing” (p. 9). It means that at that time, the financial income of both spouses could not afford to have their own home. In other words, the finance became the first aspect of their living. Sometimes, the house

indicated their life standard of the upper to the poor family. Morgan (1988) explains that

Styles and standards of architecture varied enormously, from indestructible stones tenements of Glasgow, through the “back-to-back, two up, two-down’ little houses in the mining towns, often built of poor quality brick, to the decorous suburbs of the lower and upper middle classes. A common feature of this house was that it was almost all leased or rented - owner-occupiers were rare, though becoming more common by the end of century (p. 474).

From the quotation above, it can be seen that most houses were rented at that time and it gives a reason why the new wed preferred to stay in the house of their big family or rented a cheap lodging due to the living cost.

Mostly, a man and a woman were married in the same occupation or social set. Mitchell (1996) says that the average age of married for men was twenty-seven or twenty-eight years and twenty five for the women but for the working class couple, the average age was younger (p. 142). Sometimes, the couples who came from the middle to the upper class had late age of marriage because of the preparedness. The man would prepare all that a family needed or would have saved to keep the future. In the working class, if they were given a chance to continue schooling after high school, they would choose not to get married first. Here, it can be seen that education also became a factor of people at that time to choose at what age they would marry. Schluter (2008) also presents same reason that “one reason of this phenomenon is the parents needed to save up resources to wed their children” (p. 5). So here, marriage was not only a pleasure but how there was a future responsible for their children wed.

In Victorian Era, ladies wore dresses which reached down to their ankles, long in sleeve and high at the neck (Tregidgo, 1971, p. 38). It was also because of

the public opinion that it was impolite and immoral to expose the body. But one thing that the girls could do was getting outside. Tregidgo (1971) says that “girls were no longer closely guarded, and they could do more or less what they like” (p. 38). This was also the reason why at that time women had opportunity to work in office. Morgan (1988) also says that “shops, offices, and telephone exchanges offered new opportunities for the employment of women” (p. 488). The Industrial Revolution led to such kind of women emancipation and the change of social role in the society when women could support the family financial even though men still wanted women as wives for taking care of the household at that time.

There was a role in a Victorian family showing the authority of the head family that “Victorians families were large: the wife was wholly subservient to the husband, and the children wholly subservient to both of them and the golden rule for children was to be “seen but not heard” and to obey their parents unquestioningly” (Tregidgo, 1971, p. 44). It shows that the relationship among a husband, a wife, and children had the power level which meant that the husband as the leader was the rule or the decision maker and could not be disturbed anymore. Whatever the husband said, the whole member of family should listen and gave all the attention without asking something or just a little question.

At that era, the middle class family reflected the nature of morality, stability, and comfort. Those were showed by the husband who had legal and economic control over his wife, children, and servants (Mitchell, 1996, p. 142). All the family

income was from the husband even though the wife had opportunity at that time to work in the office. But the concept which was put in the husband’s mind was the wife did not bring money through labor or private settlement. The rich family often

left their members in the care of nurses and governesses or sent their children to the boarding schools so that the parents could devote themselves to the social pleasure (Herne, 1996, p. 132).

There was an act to end a marriage namely Matrimonial Act of 1857 that established a civil court for judicial divorce (Mitchell, 1996, p. 105). The ground for divorce was different for men and women. A man could divorce his wife if she did adultery. However, it was not enough for a woman to divorce his husband only because of adultery. She should also prove his husband guilt on extreme physical cruelty or desertion. Both husband and wife should give some evidences when they brought their divorce to the court. Divorce was considered shameful at that time especially for a woman. Many divorced cases were reported in the newspaper. It would be hard form women to retain and manage their reputations after divorce.

In the education system, there was a liberal system of education which gave a teacher a very precious liberty. This liberty was prominent in the British universities. They were self governing institution and not controlled by the state (Barker. 1955, pp. 127-128). The professor and the lecturers were appointed freely and their teaching was only set by their own ideal curriculum. They were freely to choose their own textbooks and they were free to express their own political and social views.

D. Theoretical Framework

There are two problems which will be analyzed in this study. First is how Mr. Lewisham is described. Second is how he solves his conflicts in his marriage life. To answer those problems, several theories are applied.

The first theory is critical approaches which are the psychological and socio-historical approach. The psychological approach covers some aspects from the character in the novel about his personality, motivation, and also interaction with others. Here, this study applies this approach to analyze Mr. Lewisham’s description through his personalities. To support it, the writer uses theory of character and characterization as the second theories. Theory of character is applied to classify Mr. Lewisham into which type of character is. Theory of characterization is applied to characterize Mr. Lewishams’ personalities by some ways.

Beside using those theories above, the writer uses theory of conflict as the third theory to analyze the second problem. By using this theory, the writer will classify or categorize each conflict that the character faces and what kind of conflict resolution he applies. Since he deals with his conflict in marriage, the theory of marriage is applied as the fourth theory. The writer uses this theory to observe conflict and its resolutions in marriage life and compare to the novel.

The next approach is the socio-historical approach which studies about the history in the novel. Here, the writer applies this approach to compare the history in the real life to the story in the novel at the specific time or era. The history which is used is Victorian Era. The writer uses this era as the historical background to compare the time when the character spends and to observe some influences from Victorian Era to the story.

29   

CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY

This chapter is divided into three parts. The first part is the object of the study which is novel used for this study. The second part presents the approach which will be used to the study. The third part is the method of the study which explains the procedure to analyze.

A. Object of the Study

The novel to analyze for this study is H.G. Wells’ Love and Mr. Lewisham.

It consists of 208 pages within 32 chapters. This novel was published by Everyman in London 1993. The author wrote this novel in 1900. Love and Mr. Lewisham tells

about the life of the young student named Mr. Lewisham.

In the beginning of the story, the readers will see how Mr. Lewisham is described through his physical appearances, manners, and his habits. Then, he meets Ethel, his soul mate, finally. The problem begins when both of them get married. He is trapped between his personal life and his dreams. As a husband, he needs to finance his daily life. However, he still wants to keep his study and the result is he does badly in a biology exam and says goodbye to Alice, his best friend, because he will not come back for his study anymore. He always shares about Socialism and Literature to her. Those are things that Ethel does not understand at all. The relationship between Alice and him makes her jealous especially when Alice sends letter to him about common things that they often talk. They quarrel over this problem and his failure.

 

Here, the readers can see that it is not easy especially for young married couples to live together. As a young couple, they are still dynamic especially when one still wants to catch his dream but he/she still faces the reality that he/she is married and both spouses should share their time not only for oneself but also for another. The problem starts from a simple thing into the big problem. It is common because there must be different thoughts of two different persons facing the problem. That is why understanding each other is really important to reduce some problems.

B. Approach of the Study

In this study, the psychological approach is applied to analyze the characteristics of the character and also his/her behaviors and motivations which can affect the way he/she solves the conflict in the story. Here, the psychological approach is used to analyze the characteristics of Mr. Lewisham. By analyzing his characteristics through the psychological approach, it can be known how the character faces his problems to decide which choice he wants and to end his matters. Therefore, by this approach it will explain the way that the character solves his problems.

Beside the psychological approach, the socio-historical approach is also applied. The socio-historical approach is used to see the relationship between the setting of the time in the novel and the historical facts which happened in the country. It will explain how the problem or the social condition is built in the novel and what the effects of the historical facts on the story. Then, to analyze the conflicts in Mr. Lewisham’s marriage, the theory of conflict is applied to

 

understand the conflict itself and the resolution which can be used to solve his conflict. The theory of marriage is also applied to understand the role of a marriage life generally.

C. Method of the Study

The researcher used library study as the method of this study by searching the sources or the data documented in books or articles related to the problem formulation which would be answered. Thus, the primary source of this study was H.G. Wells’ Love and Mr. Lewisham.

There were several steps taken to analyze the subject which became the focus of this study. First, the researcher read the novel Love and Mr. Lewisham

many times to get better understanding. Then, after reading, the researcher formulated two problems; Mr. Lewisham’s characteristics and Mr. Lewisham’s conflicts in his marriage life, including the resolution for his conflicts. Second, the researcher looked for the theoretical review to be the basic technique for the analyses. As the references, some theories were taken from books related to the problems of the novel which would be discussed. Third, the researcher discussed by answering two problems which dealt with his characteristics and his conflicts. While discussing these problems, the novel was read many times especially some parts that could prove the answers. Finally, in the end, the researcher drew the conclusion for these two problems formulation that had been discussed.

32   

CHAPTER IV

ANALYSIS

This chapter is divided into two parts. The first part is to find out how Mr. Lewisham is described. The second part is to find out what his conflicts are, and how he solves his conflicts in his marriage life.

A. The Description of Mr. Lewisham

A character is an element in the story that plays an important role. Through the character, the story moves from a flat situation to be more complicated. The character is an essential part that makes the story alive from its acts in a particular setting as a role (Rohrberger & Wood Jr, 1971, p. 20).There are two kinds of characters. They are main and minor characters. The main character is a center for all characters in the story that gets the fullest attention than others because he appears from the beginning until the end and the story itself tells about his entire life as the main story (Henkle, 1977, p. 92). In Love and Mr. Lewisham, Mr.

Lewisham is the main character. The whole story is about him. It describes how he spends all of his life time which catches readers’ attention.

A round character shows changes of some characteristics due to some problems or the way people see him from the different interactions (Kennedy & Gioia, 1999, p. 61). Compared to the story, Mr. Lewisham himself is described as a loving and thoughful person generally. The way he cares to his wife until he is married to her never changes. No matter what kind of conflict he faces with his wife, he still loves her. He is also careful for every decison he makes. As a

His debut as a novel writer began from his novel, The Time Machine (1895) that raised his literary career. Many novels had been published such as Love and Mr. Lewisham (1900), Kipps (1905), Tono Bungay and Ann Veronica (1909). Those novels are autobiographical novels. Next, he produced Anticipations (1901), Mankind in the Making (1903), and A Modern Utopia (1905). Those novels are his social critics for Victorian social order. Mostly, his genres are scientific romances. He also made some short stories at that time.

In 1903, he joined the socialist Fabian Society with George Bernard Shaw and Sydney Webb. However, he quitted from the Fabian because he quarreled with the leaders and his failure to turn the Fabianism into mass propaganda and political action in 1908. Then, he delivered his ideas to response the society in The New Machiavelli (1911). He also portrayed about the Fabianism.

During his time in the Fabian Society, he had affairs with Amber Reeves and Rosamund Bland. From Amber Reeves, he had a daughter, Anna. His affairs did not stop. In 1912, he also had affair with Rebecca West, a young journalist. They had a son named Anthony West. Beside three women above, some women also had affair with him such as Odette Keun in 1924 and Moura Budberg in 1933. However, his faithful wife, Jane, still stayed beside him until she died in 1927.

Wells continued his literary work by writing Marriage (1912), The Passionate Friends and Little Wars (1913), The World Set Free (1914), Wars and the Future (1917), and others. In 1918, he joined Ministry of Information under Lord Nothcliffe. He began to visit other countries such as Russia where he met Lenin and Moura Budberg in 1920, USA in 1921, and Sweden in 1939.

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He broadcasted on BBC in 1929. At that time, he wrote The Adventures of Tommy for children story and The King Who Was a King for a film script. He also worked with Julian Huxley and his son, G.P. Wells for The Science of Life (1931) which is A Summary of Contemporary Knowledge about Life and its Possibilities.

In 1939, he was awarded Hon.D.Lit. by London University. He also published The Anatomy of Frustration; The Croquet Player; The Man Who Could Work Miracles; and The Idea of a World. He died on August 13th, 1946 in London.

In his last two decades, his works were forty books.

Adapted from: Wells, H.G. (1993). Love and Mr. Lewisham. The Story of a very Young Couple. London: Everyman.

A

APPENDIXX 3

Picture 1

Picture 2. H

Pictu

1. H. G. Wells

H. G. Wells in 1

res of H.G W

studying in Lo

1907 at the doo Wells

ondon, taken cir

or of his house

rca 1890

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  Picture 3. Wells with Rebecca West and friends. Photograph: Bridgeman Art Library

Picture 4. HG Wells broadcasting for the BBC in 1929. Photograph: BBC/Corbis` Sources:

1. Picture 1 was taken from http://flickr.com/commons/usage/

2. Picture 2 was taken from http://www.whataboutclients.com/archives/h-g-wells.png

3. Picture 3 was taken from http://www.guardian.co.uk/books/2011/mar/11/hg-wells-david-lodge

4. Picture 4 was taken from http://www.guardian.co.uk/books/2011/mar/13/hg-wells-kipps-classics-review

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t dtierapkan .Metode yang digunakan adalah stud ipustaka .Sumbe r l e v o n h a l a d a i n i i d u t s i r a d a m a t

u Love and Mr .Lewisham karangan H.G Wells .

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s e l e y n e

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m k anchangingcogniiton.

Kata kunci : konfilk perorangan , konfilk baitn , negosias,i adding cogniiton , n o it i n g o c g n i g n a h c