11 approaches, the most abused and for many readers, it is least appreciated. But
even more difficult in its application, the psychological approach can be fascinating to appreciate a literary work” p. 201.
According to Maslow as cited by Petri 1981, “a psychological approach
focuses on human motive as an individual to strive and to fulfill one‟s full
potential” p. 301. Maslow sees the striving for perfection or self-actualization as the ultimate purpose of behavior. To find out human motivation or why someone
is motivated, Maslow prefers to study human as an individual rather than animal. His research to an
individual as a whole directs him to a finding of human‟s motivation driven by needs.
2.1.2 Theory of Conflict
Kalish 1973 stated that conflict is “someone desire of two or more needs, and the satisfaction of one causes the denial of the other. A conflict will occur
when the alternative goal are fairly equal in importance” p. 137. Kalish adds that conflict can happen when people have difference view of values.
According to Johnson 2011, there are two types of conflicts. They are “Internal conflict” and “External conflict”. Internal conflict is conflict that occurs
inside a person and influences her or his goal. The external conflict is conflict that comes from outside of the self that influences the progress toward a purpose.
2.1.3 Theory of Motivation
Jung 1978 stated that the motivation involving these words, “desires, wishes, plans, goals, intents, impulse, and purposes” pp. 4-5. Some of these
12 words indicated the process engaging a reason to do and some are spontaneous in
someone‟s action. Briefly, these terms refer to what is called as motive. For Jung, motives point to the causes or reasons which highlight a specific behavior.
According to Maslow‟s theory as cited Petri 1981, motivation is human‟s
action that driven by a need to fulfill in order to achieve “Self-Actualization” pp. 301-302. The done action is not only grounded in human needs but also grounded
in a reality, so that human has a purpose or a goal in this life.
2.1.3.1 Internal Motivation Theory
This theory stated that all motivation comes from inside of someone. According to Fleming in her article External and Internal Motivation July, 06,
2010, internal motivation is “the driving force that comes from inside and causes someone to do something. This action is intended to fulfill someone‟s values”.
Moreover, Fleming continues that it is important to recognize a drive that stirs someone‟s action.
2.1.3.2 External Motivation Theory
The external motivation is the term used to describe external factors that stimulate our internal motivation. According to Fleming in her article External
and Internal Motivation July, 06, 2010, external motivation is “the drive that
comes fr om outside of our own brain”. From Fleming‟s statement, it can be
inferred that the concept of externally motivating someone is a situation or an environment outside which will influence someone‟s motivation. This means that
the stimulation from outside can be a motivator for someone to do an action.
13
2.1.4. Theory of Needs
A theory of needs is derived from some findings of human motivation. It is formulated by Maslow to give an answer upon a question of what is actually
human motive in doing something. Through his research of human, Maslow believed that the motive power of human to act is based on human need. A need
drives human to do an action in order to achieve a goal. Maslow describes human needs in a picture of need‟s hierarchy. Human is motivated from the lowest need
up to the highest level of need. Human is always directed to get accomplishment or perfection in life. The perfection or self-actualization is the primary goal
according to Abraham Maslow. In Maslow ‟s pyramid of needs, self-actualization
exists in the highest level. This model was created and developed by Abraham Maslow in 1940
– 50‟s USA, and the Hierarchy of Needs‟ theory remains valid today for understanding human motivation.
According to Nauert 2010, Abraham Maslow‟s Hierarchy is to describe human needs from the lower up to the highest. In 1970 the Maslow‟s Hierarchy of
needs was revised and was added two other needs from fifth needs which had already existed.
Below is the picture of Maslow‟s diagram based on Nauert. What pictured by Nauert about
Abraham Maslow‟s Hierarchy is the same with Petri 1981 explanation of Abraham Maslow‟s Hierarchy of Needs but it is more
detail. Some detail charateristics of needs based on Maslow‟s pyramid are stated by Petri are included Self-Esteem need and Self-Actualization need.
14 Nauert 2010 describes The Hierarchy of Needs from Abraham Maslow
as follows:
Figure 2.1. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
Someone must satisfy each need in turn and start with the first of the most needed. Only when the lower needs of physical and emotional well-being are
satisfied, someone can concern to the higher needs. Conversely, if things that satisfy our lower needs are swept away, someone is no longer concerned to the
maintenance of our higher order needs. However, This theory should not be rigid but it should be flexible in its‟
application. Despite someone still find difficulty in fulfilling his or her needs in the lowest level or heshe still fulfill needs in the higher levels, someone still
Self-actualization
Personal growthfulfilment
Esteem needs
Achievement, status, reputation
Belongingness and Love needs
Family, affection, relationships, work group. etc
Safety needs
Protection, security, order, law, limits, stability, etc
Biological and Physiological needs Basic life
needs, air, food, drink, shelter, warmth, sex, sleep, etc.
15 concern with both the lower needs and higher needs. For example, “self-
actualizers” level 5 in hierarchy of needs who are mainly focused on self- actualization is still motivated to eat level 1 and socialize level 3 and finding
security for the night level 2. Petri 1981, describes more detail about this hierarchy, especially Self-
Actualization and Self-Esteem. He describes Maslow theory of Self-Actualization as the final goal of human action. This level is known as level of personal growth
or fulfillment. There are some characteristics of Self-Actualization, i.e., more efficient and more comfortable with it, acceptance of self, others and nature,
problem centering, independence from culture and environment, sympathy for humankind, and creativity. Self-Actualization motivates people to examine their
abilities and to explore their insight pp. 302-303. According to Maslow
as cited by Petri 1981, “When the self-esteem need are satisfied, one has feelings of self-confidence and self-worth and sees oneself
as having a purpose in the world” p. 302. This quotation shows that someone in this level will have self-confidence and it helps her or him to achieve their goal.
The self-esteem need must be fulfilled by someone before step up to the self- actualization need.
2.2 Theoretical Framework
In doing this study, the writer uses three main theories and two supporting theories in order to guide writer‟s analysis. Those theories are theory of conflict,
theory of motivation and theory of needs. The supporting theories are internal motivation, external motivation, internal conflict and external conflict.
