20 on unconscious motives and feelings which come from the author or the
characters depicted in the work. p.100. Therefore, it can be concluded that psychological approach is used to find
out the motivations of characters in performing particular behaviours and expressing certain feelings in the story. It is because the person described in the
novel is considered like human who has a feeling, senses, motivation and emotion. In order to understand them all, the theory of psychological approach
will be needed.
b. Theory of Motivation
In order to make the novel more interesting, the characters in the novel should possess a motivation. Huffman and Vernoy 2000 believe that motivation
is elements within an individual which consist of needs, desires, and interests to encourage behaviour t
oward a goal. It emerges emotion as the „feeling‟ response para.1. It also means that without possessing them, people‟s life is going to be
boring and people will be unmotivated to live their life and fulfil their satisfaction. Adair 2006 also states that people will have motivation when they want
to do or to have something. Motivation embodies the reasons which encourage people to act either positively or negatively p.89. It can be stated that motivation
is the foundation for people to do or act positively or negatively. According to Ryan and Deci 2000, there are two types of motivation.
They are intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. Intrinsic motivation is the doing of an activity for his satisfaction rather than for any other purposes. If a person is
21 motivated intrinsically, he will react or do his action willingly and it is for his own
pleasure which is so different than doing things because of the external pressure p.57. On the other hand, external motivation deals with an activity which is done
because of a condition or one else‟s pressure p. 58. Therefore, from those two definitions, it can be stated that intrinsic
motivation deals with the desire that come from an individual to act because it gives satisfaction or pleasure within him. In addition to that, external motivation is
ones that come from the external factor which press an individual to do such particular actions.
4. Theory of Needs
Maslow 1943 develops one of the earliest theories about the human needs. The human needs itself are in relation with the motivation. He creates a
hierarchy which includes five motivational needs; that are the physiological needs, safety needs, social needs, esteem needs, and self-actualisation needs. It is also
often depicted as hierarchical levels within a pyramid as what can be seen from figure 3.1 below.
