17 person‟s thoughts, his or her conversation with others, or by something extra
ordinary that he or she has done p. 166.
e. Conversation of others
The author can provide an explanation about a character through the conversation of other characters and what they say about him or her. Through this,
the readers will have a clue that what others say about the character may reveal what kind of character he or she is p.167-168. Therefore, by analysing what
people say about Nyai Ontosoroh, the readers will have better understanding in knowing her real character.
f. Reactions
The author can describe the characteristics by displaying the way a character‟s responses or reactions to various situations and events in a story. By
seeing the reaction that a person shows in the novel, the readers may have a clue to what characteristics a character owns pp.168-170. It is because normally
people will react differently in a various situations. Through it, the researcher can know what type of person Nyai Ontosoroh is.
g. Direct comment
The author can give the readers a way to imagine the characteristics of the character when he or she gives comments and descriptions on it directly. On
another occasion, the author may give the comment explicitly as well as the
18 author‟s opinion related the characters written. The readers will often have to
guess and recognise the meaning of the author‟s comment. The purpose is by recognising it, the readers will know what the author precisely wants to reveal
about a particular character he writes in his novel pp.170-171.
h. Thoughts
The author can also give the readers a direct knowledge of what a certain person and what different person is thinking about. The author can also write
something that helps the reader to see the way the character described thinks and what that character feels pp. 171-172. The purpose of knowing what the
character feels or thinks is to guess the characteristic of that person described.
i. Mannerism
A person‟s mannerism or habit can also be characterised by the author to tell the readers something about t
he character‟s characteristics both in negative and positive ones p.173. Through the entire story, the author can explicitly or
implicitly tell the readers about a character‟s characteristic. The manner that a character owns later will strengthen the res
earcher‟s opinion related to his or her characteristics. Someone‟s manner can also determine whether he or she is
considered a good or a bad person. Someone who has a positive manner reflected in her good behaviour is often considered as a good person.
19
3. Theory of Psychology
Psychology is the science that attempts to understand, predict, describe and influence the behaviour especially the human behaviour Kalish, 1997, p.4.
Supporting the theory, Huffman and Vernoy 2000 also defines psychology as a scientific study of behaviour and mental processes which describe the reasons
human and animal do, feel, and think para.2. Departing from those definitions, it can be said that psychology studies
somebody‟s behaviour that is developed from time to time in order to find out the motivation that underlies the behaviour itself. Therefore, it is needed to
understand psychology in literature. The reason is that it will enable a person to observe the behaviour of the characters and try to find out the motivation behind
their thought, feeling and action written in the story.
a. Theory of Psychological Approach
In order to get the values and beauty that lie in the literary work, a person should use a critical approach to literature. In this study, the critical approach that
is used by the researcher is psychological approach. The reason is because by applying the psychological approach, the researcher will know how to analyse the
motivation changing in Nyai Ontosoroh in the novel This Earth of Mankind. According to Kennedy and Gioia 2005, psychological approach normally
focuses on the analysis of the character‟s motivation or behaviour in the work. In addition to that, Peter Barry 2009 states that a psychological approach focuses
