Problem Formulation Objectives of the Study

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CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

There are three important parts in this chapter. They are review of related studies, review of related theories, and theoretical framework. In the review of related studies, the researcher reviews the previous works done on the same novel and also states her new discovery in the study to show the differences between her study and the other studies. Review of related theories is used to review the theories which are relevant to the study. The last part is theoretical framework. In this part, the researcher explains the contribution of theories and reviews in solving the problems of the study.

A. Review of Related Studies

Pramoedya Ananta Toer‟s Bumi Manusia which is translated as This Earth of Mankind is used in ten previous studies in Sanata Dharma University. Each of the study analyses a particular aspect of the novel. The first one is a study written by Widyaningsih 1996 entitled Studi komparatif perubahan konsep kepriyayian dalam novel `Bumi Manusia` karya Pramoedya Ananta Toer dan novel `Para Priyayi` karya Umar Kayam : suatu pendekatan sosiologi. This study tries to discover the similarities and the differences between Pramoedya Ananta Toer‟s Bumi Manusia and Umar Kayam‟s Para Priyayi. 11 The novel gives enlightenment also in other aspect in the study. Another study is entitled Pramoedya Ananta Toer`s This Earth of Mankind: Changing the Perspectives of the Main Character towards Nationalism Kuntari, 2003. It analyses the perspective changing of the main character in the novel towards nationalism. Another study has conducted to analyse another aspect from the novel. A study written by Parwitasukci 2003 entitled The Life and Death of the Female Characters in the First Three of Pramoedya Ananta Toer`s Buru Tetralogy: This Earth of Mankind, Child Of All Nations, and Footsteps. It analyses how the female characters in the novel struggle for their life. This novel is not only used for that study but also for some other studies. The second one is entitled Woman`s Struggle During the Colonial Era in Java as Seen in Nyai Ontosoroh`s Character of Pramoedya Ananta Toer`s This Earth of Mankind Harmanto, 2007. It tells about the struggle of the woman during the colonial era as reflected in the character of Nyai Ontosoroh. Herlina 2006 has used this novel to analyse the character of Nyai Ontosoroh in her study entitled The Factors that Affect Nyai Ontosoroh could not Get any Appreciation from the O ther People in the Novel “Bumi Manusia” by Pramoedya Ananta Toer as a Review of Psychological Literature. Using the psychological literature approach, the study analyses the factors that cause Nyai Ontosoroh for not getting any identity from other people. The next study is conducted by Ardiansah 2008 and is entitled the Effects of Using Translation Strategy to Overcome Cultural Problems in Translating