14 Example like this shows that speakers are able to manipulate the norms
that govern the use of varieties in just the same way as they can manipulate those norms that govern the meanings of words by using them metaphorically.
Furthermore, Wardhaugh says metaphorical code-switching is a change of topic requires a change in the language used we have. The interesting point here is
that some topics may be discussed in either codes, but the choice of code adds the distinct flavor to what is said about the topic.
27
According to Wardhaugh, intra-sentential code-switching, or conversation code-switching, is the same as code-mixing. Wardhaugh states that conversational
code-switching is a switch of codes within a simple utterance without any associated topic change.
28
D. Factors Influencing Code-Switching and Code-Mixing
According to Holmes, there are four factors that may influence people to switch code, they are:
1. Participants. The participants that use code-switching to his or her partners because they have certain will and goal. If a group of people are
talking in one language and a non-speaker enters, they will switch code or topic or both. Viewing from the personality of the participant, there are
27
Wardhaugh, Ronald. An Introduction to Sociolinguistics 4
th
ed. Massachusetts: Blackwell Publisher. 2002. p. 103.
28
Ibid. p. 108.
15 will and goal of code-switching, such as the speaker who wants to change
the situation without any information in time and space.
29
We can see as an example by looking at conversation switch from Spanish to English below:
A: “Well, I’m glad I met you. Okay?” B: “Andele pues very well, and do come again. Hmm?”
By using the Spanish tag, B signaled to A that he or she recognized the relevance of their shared ethnic background to their future relationship.
The tag served a solidarity maker between two minority ethnic group members whose previous conversation has been entirely in English.
2. Solidarity affective function. A speaker may similarly switch to another language as a signal of group membership and shared ethnicity with an
addressee. Even speaker who is not very proficient in a second language may use brief phrases and words for his purpose.
30
We can see an example by looking at Maori and English conversation below:
Sarah : “I think everyone’s here except Mere.” John
: “She said she might be a bit late but actually I think that’s her arriving now.”
Sarah : “You’re right. Kia ora, Mere. Heare mai. Kei te pehea koe? Hi, Mere. Come in. How are you?”
29
Holmes, Janet. An Introduction of Linguistics 2
nd
ed. England: Pearson Education Limited. 2001. p. 42.
30
Ibid, p. 41.
16 Mere : “Kia ora hoa. Kei te pai. Have you started
yet? Hello, my friend. I’m fine.” In the conversation above, code switching appears with English as the
main language and Maori is the second language. People sometimes switch code within a domain or social situation. When there is some
obvious change in the situation, such us the arrival of a new person, it is easy to explain the switch. Mere is Maori, and although the rest of the
meeting will be conducted in English, Sarah switches to Maori to greet Mere.
3. Status. A switch may also reflect a change in the other dimensions, such as the status relationship between people or the formality of their interaction.
More formal relationship sometimes involves status difference too, such as doctor-patient,
administrator-client, or
teacher-student. Friendly
relationship involves minimal social distance, such as neighbor or friend.
31
Look at the Bokmal and Ranamal conversation below as an example: Ranamal is capitalized, Bokmal is not.
Jan : “Hello, Peter. How is your wife now?”
Peter : “Oh, she’s much better, thank you, Jan. She’s out
of hospital and convalescing well.” Jan
: “That’s good, I’m happy to hear it. DO YOU THINK YOU COULD HELP ME WITH PESKY
31
Ibid. p. 41.
