8
CHAPTER II THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
A. Bilingualism
According to Bloomfield, bilingual is someone who has a good competence for both language and well to do it together.
8
Einar Haugan says, “Bilingualism is someone who has competency to use another language
completely that is not their mother tongue.”
9
Spolsky defines, “Bilingual is a person who has some functional ability in the second language. This may vary from a limited ability in one or more
domains, to very strong command of both languages called balanced bilingualism.”
10
Related to speech community, Hames and Blanc define, “Bilingualism is the state of a linguistic community in which two languages are in contact with the
result that two codes can be used in the same interaction and that a number of individuals are bilingual.”
11
Because that bilingual people usually use their own idioms for in-group communication and the common language for their interaction and
communication with outsiders. In this case, Spolsky says, “The bilinguals have a repertoire of domain-related rules of language choice”, meaning that bilinguals are
8
Bloomfield, Leonard. Language. United States: University of Chicago Press. 1933. p. 56.
9
Chaer, Abdul. Linguistik Umum. Jakarta: Rineka Cipta. 1994. p. 65-66.
10
Spolsky, Bernard. Sociolinguistics. New York: Oxford University Press. 1998. p. 45
11
F. J. Hamers H.A.M Blanc, Bilinguality and Bilingualism. United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. 1987. p. 6.
9 able to choose which language he is going to use.
12
In other words, since the members of a bilingual community, they have to be able to set a condition where
they can communicate effectively. This condition leads them to do code-switching and code-mixing.
B. Code-Switching and Code-Mixing
Code-switching and code-mixing are well-known traits in the speech pattern of the average bilingual in any human society the world over. It is also one
of sociolinguistics problems that occur in bilingual community.
13
Code-mixing and code-switching are terms in sociolinguistics for language, and especially speech, that draws to differing extents on at least two
languages combined in different ways. A code may be a language or style of a language. The term code-mixing emphasizes hybridization, and the term code-
switching emphasizes movement from one language to another. Mixing and switching probably occur to some extent in the speech of all bilinguals, so that
there is a sense in which a person capable of using two languages. There are a lot of definitions of code-switching. Chaer and Leonie
Agustina quoted Appel’s perception about code-switching as the “phenomenon of language changing because of the change of the situation.”
14
12
Spolsky, Bernard. Sociolinguistics. New York: Oxford University Press. 1998. p. 46.
13
Ayeomoni, Mo. Code-Switching and Code-Mixing: Style of Language Use in Childhood in Yoruba Speech Community in Nordic Journal of African Studies. Nigeria: Obafemi
Awolowo University. 2006. p. 90-99.
14
Abdul Chaer dan Leonie Agustina. Sosiolinguistik Perkenalan Awal. Jakarta Rineka Cipta. 2004. p. 107.
Kategori