9 able to choose which language he is going to use.
12
In other words, since the members of a bilingual community, they have to be able to set a condition where
they can communicate effectively. This condition leads them to do code-switching and code-mixing.
B. Code-Switching and Code-Mixing
Code-switching and code-mixing are well-known traits in the speech pattern of the average bilingual in any human society the world over. It is also one
of sociolinguistics problems that occur in bilingual community.
13
Code-mixing and code-switching are terms in sociolinguistics for language, and especially speech, that draws to differing extents on at least two
languages combined in different ways. A code may be a language or style of a language. The term code-mixing emphasizes hybridization, and the term code-
switching emphasizes movement from one language to another. Mixing and switching probably occur to some extent in the speech of all bilinguals, so that
there is a sense in which a person capable of using two languages. There are a lot of definitions of code-switching. Chaer and Leonie
Agustina quoted Appel’s perception about code-switching as the “phenomenon of language changing because of the change of the situation.”
14
12
Spolsky, Bernard. Sociolinguistics. New York: Oxford University Press. 1998. p. 46.
13
Ayeomoni, Mo. Code-Switching and Code-Mixing: Style of Language Use in Childhood in Yoruba Speech Community in Nordic Journal of African Studies. Nigeria: Obafemi
Awolowo University. 2006. p. 90-99.
14
Abdul Chaer dan Leonie Agustina. Sosiolinguistik Perkenalan Awal. Jakarta Rineka Cipta. 2004. p. 107.
10 Rajen Mesthrie, Joan Swann, Andrea Deumert, and William L. Leap say
another definition
about code-switching
in their
book, Introducing
Sociolinguistics, “Code-switching may be associated with a series of unmarked choices when aspects of the context such as a change in topic or in the person
addressed make a different language variety more appropriate.”
15
Code-switching is a linguistics term denoting the concurrent use of more than one language, or language variety, in conversation. Multilingual, people who
speak more than one language, sometimes use elements of multiple languages in conversing with each other. Thus, code-switching is the syntactically and
phonologically appropriate use of more than one linguistic variety. The motivation for switching is basically stylistic and that code switching
is to be treated as a discourse phenomenon which cannot be satisfactorily handled in terms of the internal structure of sentence.
16
Hymes defines code-switching as ”a common term for alternative use of two or more languages, varieties of a language or even speech styles”
17
, while Bokamba defines both concepts, “Code-switching is the mixing of words, phrases
and sentence from two distinct grammatical sub systems across sentence boundaries within the same speech event… code-switching is the embedding of
various linguistic units such as affixes bound morphemes, words unbound morphemes, phrases and clauses from a co-operative activity where the
15
Abdul Chaer dan Leonie Agustina. Sosiolinguistik Perkenalan Awal. Jakarta Rineka Cipta. 2004. p. 107.
16
Rommaine, Suzanne. Bilingualism, 2
nd
Edition. Massachusetts: Blackwell publisher Inc. 1995. p. 121.
17
Ayeomoni, Mo. Code-Switching and Code-Mixing: Style of Language Use in Childhood in Yoruba Speech Community in Nordic Journal of African Studies. Nigeria: Obafemi
Awolowo University. 2006. p. 90-99.
