Factors Influencing Code-Switching and Code-Mixing

16 Mere : “Kia ora hoa. Kei te pai. Have you started yet? Hello, my friend. I’m fine.” In the conversation above, code switching appears with English as the main language and Maori is the second language. People sometimes switch code within a domain or social situation. When there is some obvious change in the situation, such us the arrival of a new person, it is easy to explain the switch. Mere is Maori, and although the rest of the meeting will be conducted in English, Sarah switches to Maori to greet Mere. 3. Status. A switch may also reflect a change in the other dimensions, such as the status relationship between people or the formality of their interaction. More formal relationship sometimes involves status difference too, such as doctor-patient, administrator-client, or teacher-student. Friendly relationship involves minimal social distance, such as neighbor or friend. 31 Look at the Bokmal and Ranamal conversation below as an example: Ranamal is capitalized, Bokmal is not. Jan : “Hello, Peter. How is your wife now?” Peter : “Oh, she’s much better, thank you, Jan. She’s out of hospital and convalescing well.” Jan : “That’s good, I’m happy to hear it. DO YOU THINK YOU COULD HELP ME WITH PESKY 31 Ibid. p. 41. 17 FORM? I AM HAVING A GREAT DIFFECULTY WITH IT.” Peter : “OF COURSE, GIVE IT TO ME.” This conversation took place in somewhere of Hemnesberget, between two neighbour, Jan and Peter. Nothing appears to change, except the topic of discussion, and the code. In fact, the change of topic here symbolized a change in the relationship between them. They switch from their roles as neighbor to their roles as bureaucrat and member of public. They switch from a personal interaction to a more formal transaction. 32 4. Topic. According to Holmes, people may switch a speech event to discuss a particular topic. Bilingual often finds it easier to discuss particular topics in one code rather than the other. For many bilinguals, certain kinds of referential content are more appropriately or more easily expressed in one language than the other. Look at the Chinese and English example below: A group of Chinese students are discussing Chinese customs. Li : “People here get divorce too easily. Like exchanging faulty goods. In China it’s not the same. Jia gou sui ji. If you marry a dog, you follow a dog. If you marry a chicken, you follow a chicken.” 32 Holmes, Janet. An Introduction of Linguistic. 2 nd ed. England: Pearson Education Limited. 2001. p. 43. 18 This happens partly because the group of Chinese students have learned the vocabulary of their studies in English, so they do not always know the word like “morpheme” in Cantonese. In other words they have affective, as well as a referential function. 33 Sometimes, code-switching seems the same as borrowing, but actually it is quite different. Basically, linguists have made significant effort toward defining the difference between borrowing loan-word and code switching. 34 Furthermore, attempts to give some examples: Adi : “Kemudian organisasi, kulo piyambak, Insya Allah sekitar tiga puluh menit”. The Javanese words, “kulo piyambak”, is an example of code-switching because it is used to express politeness. Meanwhile, the example of borrowing is: Damari: “Dan waktu laporan nanti itu amal shalih dipersiapkan data-data.” In this case, “amal shalih” is classified as a borrowing, because the speaker cannot find a particular word in the basic language that would fit the intended meaning. 35 However, following Myers-Scotton, Gardner-Chloros and Romaine argue that every loan word starts off as a switch. Therefore, it is clear that historically loan word is transmitted word that has been integrated with the recipient language. While code-switching is spontaneously bounded by switching from 33 Ibid. p. 44 34 Susanto. Code Switching: In Indonesian Islamic Religious Discourse. A Sociolinguistic Perspective. Malang: UIN-Malang Press. 2008. p. 46 35 Ibid, p. 46 19 word or sentence of one language to another. Code-switching affects all level of linguistic structure simultaneously. 36 36 Hamers, J. F Blance, Michel H.A. Bilinguality and Bilingualism Second Edition. New York: Cambridge University Press. 2000. p. 259 20

CHAPTER III RESEARCH FINDINGS

A. Data Description

In this chapter, the writer discusses the research findings. In the data collection for the study, the writer follows five steps. First, the writer observes the Talk Show program Hitam Putih by watching and recording it. Secondly, the writer watches again and takes notes of languages used by Deddy Corbuzier, Raline Shah, and Dewi Sandra. Third, the writer chooses utterances that consist of code. Fourth, the writer writes down the data. The final step is analyzing the data based on the types and the factors of code-switching and code-mixing. For this study, the writer analyzes twenty nine characters’ dialogues that use code-switching or code-mixing. The writer focuses on the dialogues between Deddy Corbuzier, Raline Shah, and Dewi Sandra because they switched and mixed the code entirely. The analyzed dialogues are taken from Hitam Putih Talk Show that aired on November 18 2013 on Trans7 channel. Data Date : Monday, November 18 2013. Program : The data of Hitam Putih Talk Show. HostGuests : Deddy CorbuzierRaline Shah and Dewi Sandra. 1. Deddy Corbuzier : “Nah, biasanya kalau bertanya pada orang yang dikenal itu agak susah, tapi bisakah bertanya dan 21 mereka bisa jujur apa tidak mejawab pertanyaan that’s a Question of Life. Raline Shah, dan Dewi Sandra.” 2. Raline Shah : comes in and kisses Deddy’s cheeks “Hi, how are you?” Deddy Corbuzier : kisses Raline’s cheeks “Hi.” 3. Raline Shah : sits across Dewi and points at her “Am I to being you?” Deddy Corbuzier : “Yes, that’s the idea. Tadi mana pertanyaannya? 4. Deddy Corbuzier : “Kayak dia pernah kangen aja sama suami.” Raline Shah : “Tiap detik” Deddy Corbuzier : “Masa sih?” Raline Shah : “Serius.” Deddy Corbuzier : “Oh ya?” Dewi Sandra : “Hey, I’m a good wife, man. I’m a good wife” 5. Raline Shah : “Butuh berapa lama buat styling sama make-up tiap hari?” 6. Dewi Sandra : “Uhm… Five minutes. Lima menit.” Raline Shah : “No way” Dewi Sandra : “Lima menit.” Raline Shah : “Really?” Dewi Sandra : “Yeah.” Raline Shah : “Oh, okay. Impressed.” 7. Raline Shah : “Your best friend?” 22 Dewi Sandra : “My best friend is Agus.” Raline Shah : “Okay. Aduh, suaminya, romantis banget sih.” 8. Raline Shah : “Apa rahasia mbak untuk terus happy?” Dewi Sandra : “Dijawabin sama Deddy. Nasibnya sama soalnya, cuma saya sudah berlanjut, dia masih stay in position.” Deddy Corbuzier : “Saya stuck.” Dewi Sandra : “Yes, stuck. Stuck-nut.” Deddy Corbuzier : “Iya, saya stuck.” 9. Raline Shah : “Apa yang menjadi insiprasi fashion mbak? ‘Cause I think you’re very fashionable, so…” 10. Dewi Sandra : “Hmm… fashion is expressing yourself. Kita mengekspresikan diri dengan pakaian, jadi butuh wear what you feel comfortable with.” 11. Dewi Sandra : “Basically that’s it. Raline juga cantik, kan? I love your fashion sense.” Raline Shah : “Thank you.” 12. Raline Shah : “I’m never there” Dewi Sandra : “Yes, she’s never there Jadi kalau deket, ‘Raline mana? Raline mana?’, ‘Raline udah pergi’, ‘Kemana sih?’” 13. Raline Shah : “Aku selalu menghilang dan walaupun sudah aku menghilang karena aku yoga, kan? I’m always gone for yoga.”