Code-Switchhing And Code-Mixing In Hitam Putih Talk Show On November 18 2013

CODE-SWITCHING AND CODE-MIXING INHITAM PUTIH_{TALK SHOW ON} NOVEMBER 18 2013

A Thesis

Submitted to Faculty of Adab and Humanities

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for The Degree of Strata One

LUTHFI MAULANA ZULKARNAIN ( 108026000010)

ENGLISH LETTERS DEPARTMENT

LETTERS AND HUMANITIES FACULTY

STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY SYARIF HIDAYATULLAH

JAKARTA

ABSTRACT

LuthfiMaulanaZulkarnain,Code-Switching and Code-Mixing in‘HitamPutih’Talk Show on November 18 2013._{Thesis. English Letter Department:}

Adab and Humanity Faculty, UIN SyarifHidayatullah Jakarta, Desember 2015. The purpose of this research is to analyze the types and factors that influenced DeddyCorbuzier, Raline Shah, and Dewi Sandra to use switching and code-mixing in their conversation inHitamPutihTalk Show November 182013. The writer uses descriptive qualitative method by collecting selected conversations from the show. The writer divides the data based on Janet Holmes’ factors of code-switching: Participant, Solidarity, Status, and Topic. The writer also divides the types of switching and mixing based on Ronald Wardhaugh’s theory: situational switching, metaphorical switching, and conversational switching or code-mixing.

In this research, the writer analyzes twenty nine cases of conversation, with fifteen of them use code-switching based on factors of five Participant, eleven Solidarity, one Status, and twelve Topic. Seven of the code-switching is situational code-switching, and eight of them are metaphorical code-switching. The writer also finds fourteen cases of conversational code-switching, or code-mixing, based on factors of one Participant, ten Solidarity, two Status, and five Topic.

DECLARATION

I hereby declare that this submission is my own work and that, to the best of my knowledge and belief, it contains no material previously published or written by another person nor material which to a substantial extent has been accepted for the award of any other degree or diploma of the university or other institute of higher learning, except where due acknowledgment has been made in the text.

Jakarta, Februari 2016

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First of all, the writer would like to express the most gratitude and praise to Allah SWT, the Lord of the universe, for His help, affection, and generosity in completing the writer’s study in State Islamic University Syarif Hidayatullah, Jakarta. Peace and blessing be upon our beloved prophet Muhammad SAW and all of his family, his disciplines, and his followers.

The writer would like to thanks to his beloved parents (Mr. Drs. Hidayatullah and Mrs. Siti Jubaedah. S.Pd.I) for their patient, love, support, advice, and prayer; his sister and brothers for their love, support, and prayer; his advisor, Mrs. Sholikatus Sa’diyah, M.Pd, for his guidance, advice, and support. The writer also would like to thank to his special someone, Rita Nurhayanti, for her love, support, advice, for always being patient and never get tired reminding to pray; his friends Fahmi S.Hum, M. Lazuardi, Kusuma Asri Kumoro, Luthfi Adam S.Hum, Kukuh Panji, Isnhaini Alawiyah, Safitri Febrianti S.S, who always support and remind the writer when stuck in his comfort zone. For assisting in completing the final task either in matter, mind, or power, Supandi was willing to postpone the graduation schedule in order to graduate together with the writer.

In this opportunity, the writer would like to thank to:

1. Prof. Dr. Sukron Kamil, M. Hum the Dean of Adab and Humanities Faculty.

3. Elve Oktafiyani, M. Hum, the Secretary of English Letters Department.

4. His Lecturers in English Letters Department for providing knowledge and advice.

5. His Friends at KMIK Jakarta.

6. His Friends in English Letters Department 2008

Ciputat, Desember 2016

TABLE OF CONTENTS

ABSTRACT ………. i

APPROVEMENT ………. ii

LEGALIZATION ………. iii

DECLARATION ………. iv

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ………. v

TABLE OF CONTENT ……….vii

CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION A. Background of the Research………. 1

B. Focus of the Research ………. 4

C. Question of the Research ………. 4

D. Objective of the Research ………. 5

E. Significance of the Research………. 5

F. Methodology of the Research…….……….. 6

1. Method of the Research……….……….... 6

2. Data AnalysisTechnique…... …..………... 6

3. Instrument of the Research ..………. 7

4. Unit Analysis ..………. 7

CHAPTER II. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK A. Bilingualism ………..……..………. 8

B. CodeSwitching and Code Mixing ……….. 9

C. Types of Code Switching and CodeMixing ………... 12

D. The Factor Influencing Code Switching and Mixing………. 14

CHAPTER III. RESEARCH FINDINGS A. Data Description ……… 20

B. Data Analysis ……… 25 CHAPTER IV. CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

A. Conclusion ………... 43

B. Suggestion ………... 45

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

A. Background of the Research

Language may refer either to the specifically human capacity for acquiring and using complex systems of communication, or to a specific instance of such a system of complex communication. The functional theory of language sees language as a system of communication that enables humans to cooperate.1 This definition stresses the social functions of language and the fact that humans use it to express themselves and to manipulate objects in their environment. The scientific research of language in any of its senses is called linguistics.

Siregar in Code Alternation in Bilingual Speech Behavior says “Every

language express in some way or other how people think, perceive and act, in what state people, things and ideas are and how they relate to each other. Words which express action, states, perceptions, etc., the verbs occur in every language. However, there are many differences in the way they can be structures, what additional concepts they may express and what other words may occur with

them”.2

There are some varieties of possible relationship between language and society, such as first is that social structure may either influence; second is directly opposed the first; third is that the influence is bi-directional; fourth is to

1

Boundless. Language. Boundless Sociology. Boundless, 21 July 2015. Retrieved 10 February 2016 from https://www.boundless.com/sociology/textbooks/boundless-sociology-textbook/culture-3/the-symbolic-nature-of-culture-30/language-191-3595/

2

Siregar, Bahren Umar. Code Alternation in Bilingual Speech Behaviour- Bahasa Indonesia- English Language Mixing. Universitas Sumatera Utara Press. 1996. p. 66

assume that there is no relation at all between linguistic structure and social. The switch of a language into another language in the middle of a conversation, either conscious or unconscious is known as code switching, for example, the use of Indonesian and Javanese alternately in certain conversation.

From the viewpoint of sociolinguistics, many researchers have focused

their attention on examining this phenomenon by the assumption that “some

understanding of the nature of code alternation and its meaning in everyday interaction must be obtained.”3 It means that the description of code switching is very important to be obtained. Drawing on this assumption, in Jourdan and Tuite, Poplack and Myers are able to seek universal description for code switching from different angles. Poplack seeks the explanation from the view point of grammatical structure and process, while Myers seeks the explanation which relates linguistic phenomena to cognitive and social ones.4However, both of them are not sure about relations between utterance- level grammar and other forms of linguistic in this phenomenon.

In general, sociolinguistics is the research of the effect of any and all aspects of society, including cultural norms, expectations, and context, on the way language is used, and the effects of language use on society. Sociolinguistics is concerned with the correlation between such social factors and linguistics

variations social factors in this case are age, religion, sex, gender and occupation”.

3

Marasigan, E. Code Switching and Code Mixing in the Multilingual Socities. Singapore: Singapore University Press. 1983. p. 2

4

Jourdan, C. & Tuite, K. Language, Culture and Society: Key Topics in Linguistic Anthropology.New York: Cambridge University Press. 2006. p. 160

In using language there are some capabilities needed. In daily conversation we also find some problems in using language. One of the most striking

phenomena in a bilingual’s linguistic performance is the occurrence of the

seemingly random mixing of two languages, both within the two utterances, during a conversational exchange. This linguistic behavior not only attracts scholarly attention but also raises questions about the various features which characterize language-mixing. As Troike in Wardhaugh says “In every human being there are many codes and ways contained which can be used by the people to do their society play in role. On the whole codes and ways in speak called communication repertoire.”5

By the existence of communication repertoire above, some people have choice in many kinds variety of language. People are usually selecting a particular code whenever they choose to speak, and they also decide to switch one code or to create a new code. There are two kinds of code. They are code-switching where people can use two languages in conversation by turns that depends entirely on the situation; and code-mixing where some people either use the elements from one language in while they were spoken in one foreign language.

Gal in Wardhaugh said that code-switching as a conversational strategy used to establish, cross or destroy group’s boundaries; to create, evoke or change interpersonal relations with their rights and obligation.6Code-switching also is the consequence of bilingualism or multilingualism. For example: An English

5

Wardhaugh, Ronald. An Introduction to Sociolinguistic. 4th ed. Massachusetts: Blackwell Publisher. 2002. p. 51

6

bilingual switches from English to French, e.g. The hotel, il est grand, is really huge and unbelievable majestic.

Nowadays, the ability to use second language besides Indonesian as our mother language has increased. In this case, many Indonesian people use two languages or more in an utterance for any reasons and purposes. Code-switching and code-mixing occur in a conversation between two people or more. Based on this theme, the writer is interested in analyzing code-switching occurred in a live conversation or talk show because of its spontaneity. The writer chose to analyze code-switching and code-mixing in the conversation between Deddy Corbuzier, Raline Shah, and Dewi Sandra in Hitam Putih talk show on Monday, November 18 2013, that discussed the actresses of99 Cahaya Di Langit Eropafilm.

The speakers inHitam Putih talk show are fluent in English. Raline Shah, aside from working as actress and presenter, has a degree in Political Science and New Media & Communications from the National University of Singapore. Therefore her English skill is unquestionable. Dewi Sandra, on the other hand, was born to an English father and an Indonesian mother. Aside from learning English from her family, as a performer, Dewi Sandra also learned English from her career as a singer, presenter, model, and actress. Deddy Corbuzier also learned English from his career. He began working as a professional magician in Dunia Fantasi when he was twelve years old, and he has conducted tours to many countries. For Raline Shah, Dewi Sandra, and Deddy Corbuzier, English is a necessity to their career as performers. Therefore, it is not a surprise that English is their second language.

B. Focus of the Research

In this research, the writer limits the discussion by focusing on code-switching and code-mixing that appeared in the dialogues between Deddy Corbuzier, Raline Shah, and Dewi Sandra in Hitam Putih talk show, and the factors that influence their utterance. Data resources are taken from the transcript of the dialogues in the live talk show ofHitam Putihon November 18 2013.

C. Research Questions

Based on the background, there are some questions to be raised as the problems of this analysis, they are:

1. What kinds of code-switching and code-mixing that are found in the utterance of Deddy Corbuzier, Raline Shah, and Dewi Sandra in Hitam PutihTalk Show on November 18 2013?

2. What influences the use of code-switching and code-mixing in their utterance?

D. Objectives of the Research

Related to the research question above, the research objectives can be specified as follows:

1. To describe the kinds of code-switching and code-mixing found in the utterance of Deddy Corbuzier, Dewi Sandra, and Raline Shah.

2. To describe what influences the code-switching in the utterance of Deddy Corbuzier, Dewi Sandra, and Raline Shah.

E. Significance of the Research

1. Practically, this research is expected to provide valuable knowledge in the development of sociolinguistics in general, particularly in the research of code-switching.

2. Theoretically, this research can be a reference to sociolinguistics field of the language.

F. Methodology of the Research 1. Method of the Research

The method that is used in this research is descriptive qualitative method. Qualitative method is a research which relies on verbal data and non-numerical in the same manner as the basic of analyze and creative problem solving of the research.7

The writer records the conversations as many as possible, listens to all conversations, transcribes the conversations, finds the switching and code-mixing in the conversation, and analyzes the data using the code-switching theory of Janet Holmes.

2. Data Analysis Technique

In this research, the writer uses qualitative data analysis technique. The writer chooses and classifies the data into three categories, and the factors that influence the usage of code-switching according to Janet Holmes.

7

3. Instrument of the Research

The writer uses himself as the instrument to collect the data. The process of collecting the data in this research is divided into four steps, namely (a) the writer watches the talk show program Hitam Putih and writes the script from utterances, (b) the writer chooses the code-switching and code-mixing in the script, (c) the writer writes down the data into table, (d) the writer analyzes the data to know what kind of code-switching and code-mixing and the factors that influence the usage of code-switching and code-mixing.

4. Unit of Analysis

Unit analysis in this research is the transcript of the utterances between Deddy Corbuzier as the host of Hitam Putih and the guests, Raline Shah and Dewi Sandra, in Hitam Putihtalk show with the discussion about the actresses of

99 Cahaya di Langit Eropa film. The program was aired on Trans7 channel on Monday, November 18 2013.

CHAPTER II

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

A. Bilingualism

According to Bloomfield, bilingual is someone who has a good competence for both language and well to do it together.8 Einar Haugan says,

“Bilingualism is someone who has competency to use another language completely that is not their mother tongue.”9

Spolsky defines, “Bilingual is a person who has some functional ability in the second language. This may vary from a limited ability in one or more domains, to very strong command of both languages called balanced bilingualism.”10

Related to speech community, Hames and Blanc define, “Bilingualism is the state of a linguistic community in which two languages are in contact with the result that two codes can be used in the same interaction and that a number of individuals are bilingual.”11

Because that bilingual people usually use their own idioms for in-group communication and the common language for their interaction and communication with outsiders. In this case, Spolsky says, “The bilinguals have a repertoire of domain-related rules of language choice”,meaning that bilinguals are

8

Bloomfield, Leonard. Language. United States: University of Chicago Press. 1933. p. 56.

9

Chaer, Abdul.Linguistik Umum.Jakarta: Rineka Cipta. 1994. p. 65-66.

10

Spolsky, Bernard.Sociolinguistics. New York: Oxford University Press. 1998. p. 45

11

F. J. Hamers & H.A.M Blanc, Bilinguality and Bilingualism. United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. 1987. p. 6.

able to choose which language he is going to use.12 In other words, since the members of a bilingual community, they have to be able to set a condition where they can communicate effectively. This condition leads them to do code-switching and code-mixing.

B. Code-Switching and Code-Mixing

Code-switching and code-mixing are well-known traits in the speech pattern of the average bilingual in any human society the world over. It is also one of sociolinguistics problems that occur in bilingual community.13

Code-mixing and code-switching are terms in sociolinguistics for language, and especially speech, that draws to differing extents on at least two languages combined in different ways. A code may be a language or style of a language. The term code-mixing emphasizes hybridization, and the term code-switching emphasizes movement from one language to another. Mixing and switching probably occur to some extent in the speech of all bilinguals, so that there is a sense in which a person capable of using two languages.

There are a lot of definitions of code-switching. Chaer and Leonie

Agustina quoted Appel’s perceptionabout code-switching as the“phenomenon of language changingbecause of the change of the situation.”14

12

Spolsky, Bernard.Sociolinguistics.New York: Oxford University Press. 1998. p. 46.

13

Ayeomoni, Mo. Code-Switching and Code-Mixing: Style of Language Use in Childhood in Yoruba Speech CommunityinNordic Journal of African Studies. Nigeria: Obafemi Awolowo University. 2006. p. 90-99.

14

Abdul Chaer dan Leonie Agustina. Sosiolinguistik Perkenalan Awal. Jakarta Rineka Cipta. 2004. p. 107.

Rajen Mesthrie, Joan Swann, Andrea Deumert, and William L. Leap say another definition about code-switching in their book, Introducing Sociolinguistics, “Code-switching may be associated with a series of unmarked choices when aspects of the context such as a change in topic or in the person addressed make a different language variety more appropriate.”15

Code-switching is a linguistics term denoting the concurrent use of more than one language, or language variety, in conversation. Multilingual, people who speak more than one language, sometimes use elements of multiple languages in conversing with each other. Thus, code-switching is the syntactically and phonologically appropriate use of more than one linguistic variety.

The motivation for switching is basically stylistic and that code switching is to be treated as a discourse phenomenon which cannot be satisfactorily handled in terms of the internal structure of sentence.16

Hymes defines code-switching as ”a common term for alternative use of

two or more languages, varieties of a language or even speech styles”17, while Bokamba defines both concepts, “Code-switching is the mixing of words, phrases and sentence from two distinct grammatical (sub) systems across sentence

boundaries within the same speech event… code-switching is the embedding of various linguistic units such as affixes (bound morphemes), words (unbound morphemes), phrases and clauses from a co-operative activity where the

15

Abdul Chaer dan Leonie Agustina. Sosiolinguistik Perkenalan Awal. Jakarta Rineka Cipta. 2004. p. 107.

16

Rommaine, Suzanne. Bilingualism, 2nd Edition. Massachusetts: Blackwell publisher Inc. 1995. p. 121.

17

Ayeomoni, Mo. Code-Switching and Code-Mixing: Style of Language Use in Childhood in Yoruba Speech CommunityinNordic Journal of African Studies. Nigeria: Obafemi Awolowo University. 2006. p. 90-99.

participants, in order to infer what is intended, must reconcile what they hear with what they understand.”18

According to Abdul Chaer in his book, Linguistik Umum, code-switching is going to happen because of the language differences between an individual and the community where the speech takes place. Code-switching is the change of language, or variety of language, because of specific reason.19

Code-switching differs from code-mixing. Code-switching is the point at which the change of language corresponds to a point where the situation changes, either on its own, or precisely because the language changes. There are other cases, however, where a fluent bilingual who is talking to another fluent bilingual suddenly changes language without any change at all in the situation. This kind of alternation is called code-mixing.20

Code-mixing occurs when conversation uses both languages together to the extent that they change from one language to the other in the course of a single utterance.21 It means that the conversation just change topic and can involve various level of language, such as morphology and lexical items, even grammar.

The purpose of code-mixing seems to symbolize ambiguous situation for which neither language on its own would be quite right. To get the correct effect, the speakers balance the two languages against each other as a kind of linguistic cocktail, such a few words of one language, then a few words of the other, then

18

Ibid.

19

Chaer, Abdul.Linguistic Umum.Jakarta: Rineka Cipta. 1994. p. 67.

20

Hudson, Richard. 2ndcd.Sociolinguistic.Great Britannia: Cambridge University Press. 1996. p. 53.

21

Wardhaugh, Ronald. An Introduction to Sociolinguistic 4th ed. Massachusetts: Blackwell Publisher. 2002. p. 103.

back to the first for a few more word and so on. The changes generally take place more or less randomly as far as subject-matter is concerned, but they seem to be limited by the structure of sentence.

Janet Holmes says, “code-mixing suggests the speaker is mixing up code indiscriminately or perhaps because of incompetence, whereas the switches are very well-motivated in relation to the symbolic or social meaning of the two codes.”22This kind of rapid switching itself is a specific sociolinguistic variety.

C. Types of Code Switching and Code Mixing

Based on Wardhaugh’s theory, code-switching is classified into three types. They are situational code-switching, metaphorical code-switching, and conversational code-switching, which is called as intra-sentential code-switching or code-mixing. Each type is related to each factor of code-switching namely participant, solidarity (affective function), status, and topic.

The first type is situational code-switching. Situational code-switching is related to the factors of code-switching that are participant, solidarity, and status. Situational code-switching occurs when the language changes according to the situation in which the conversation the speakers are engaged to. They speak one language in one situation and in a different one.23

22

Holmes, Janet. An Introduction of Linguistic 2nd ed. England: Pearson Education Limited. 2001. p. 50.

23

Wardhaugh, Ronald. An Introduction to Sociolinguistics 4th ed. Massachusetts: Balckwell Publisher. 2002. p. 103.

The situation of code-switching happened because the switches between languages always coincide with changes from one external situation, for example, talking to member of the family, to another, for example, talking to neighbors.24

Situational code-switching describes about arrival of a new person and status relation between people, or the formality of their interaction. For example, a person switches from English to Maori to greet his or her friend. The Maori’s

greeting is an expression of solidarity, so a code-switching may be related to a particular or addressee.25

Metaphorical code switching occurs within a single situational, but adds meaning to such components as the role-relationship, which is being expressed.

According to Blom and Gumperz, which is quoted by Hudson, metaphorical code switching is where the choice of language determines the situation. Blom and Gumperz give an example from their research in a town in Northern Norway, Hemnesberget, where there is a situation.“In the course of the morning spent at the community administration office. We notice that clerk used both standard and dialect phrases, depending on whether they talking about

official affairs or not. Likewise, when residents step up to a clerk’s desk, greeting

and inquiries about family affairs tend to be exchanged in the dialect, while the business part of the transaction iscarried on in standard.”26

24

Hudson, Richard. 2nd ed. Sociolinguistics. Great Britannia: Cambridge University Press. 1996. p. 24.

25

Holmes, Janet. An Introduction of Linguistic 2nd ed. England: Pearson Education Limited. 2001. p. 41.

26

Hudson, Richard.2ndcd. Sociolinguistic.Great Britannia: Cambridge University Press. 1996. p. 25.

Example like this shows that speakers are able to manipulate the norms that govern the use of varieties in just the same way as they can manipulate those norms that govern the meanings of words by using them metaphorically.

Furthermore, Wardhaugh says metaphorical code-switching is a change of topic requires a change in the language used we have. The interesting point here is that some topics may be discussed in either codes, but the choice of code adds the distinct flavor to what is said about the topic.27

According to Wardhaugh, intra-sentential code-switching, or conversation code-switching, is the same as code-mixing. Wardhaugh states that conversational code-switching is a switch of codes within a simple utterance without any associated topic change.28

D. Factors Influencing Code-Switching and Code-Mixing

According to Holmes, there are four factors that may influence people to switch code, they are:

1. Participants. The participants that use code-switching to his or her partners because they have certain will and goal. If a group of people are talking in one language and a non-speaker enters, they will switch code or topic or both. Viewing from the personality of the participant, there are

27

Wardhaugh, Ronald. An Introduction to Sociolinguistics 4th ed. Massachusetts: Blackwell Publisher. 2002. p. 103.

28

will and goal of code-switching, such as the speaker who wants to change the situation without any information in time and space.29

We can see as an example by looking at conversation switch from Spanish to English below:

A:“Well,I’m glad I met you. Okay?”

B: “Andele pues(very well), and do come again. Hmm?”

By using the Spanish tag, B signaled to A that he or she recognized the relevance of their shared ethnic background to their future relationship. The tag served a solidarity maker between two minority ethnic group members whose previous conversation has been entirely in English.

2. Solidarity (affective function). A speaker may similarly switch to another language as a signal of group membership and shared ethnicity with an addressee. Even speaker who is not very proficient in a second language may use brief phrases and words for his purpose.30

We can see an example by looking at Maori and English conversation below:

Sarah :“I think everyone’s here except Mere.”

John : “She said she might be a bit late but actually I

think that’s her arriving now.”

Sarah : “You’re right. Kia ora, Mere. Heare mai. Kei te pehea koe?(Hi, Mere. Come in. How are you?)”

29

Holmes, Janet. An Introduction of Linguistics 2nd ed. England: Pearson Education Limited. 2001. p. 42.

30_Ibid,

Mere : “Kia ora hoa. Kei te pai. Have you started yet?(Hello, my friend. I’m fine).”

In the conversation above, code switching appears with English as the main language and Maori is the second language. People sometimes switch code within a domain or social situation. When there is some obvious change in the situation, such us the arrival of a new person, it is easy to explain the switch. Mere is Maori, and although the rest of the meeting will be conducted in English, Sarah switches to Maori to greet Mere.

3. Status. A switch may also reflect a change in the other dimensions, such as the status relationship between people or the formality of their interaction. More formal relationship sometimes involves status difference too, such as doctor-patient, administrator-client, or teacher-student. Friendly relationship involves minimal social distance, such as neighbor or friend.31

Look at the Bokmal and Ranamal conversation below as an example: (Ranamal is capitalized, Bokmal is not).

Jan :“Hello, Peter. How is your wife now?”

Peter : “Oh, she’s much better, thank you, Jan. She’s out

of hospital and convalescing well.”

Jan : “That’s good, I’m happy to hear it. DO YOU THINK YOU COULD HELP ME WITH PESKY

FORM? I AM HAVING A GREAT DIFFECULTY WITH IT.”

Peter :“OF COURSE, GIVE IT TO ME.”

This conversation took place in somewhere of Hemnesberget, between two neighbour, Jan and Peter. Nothing appears to change, except the topic of discussion, and the code. In fact, the change of topic here symbolized a change in the relationship between them. They switch from their roles as neighbor to their roles as bureaucrat and member of public. They switch from a personal interaction to a more formal transaction.32

4. Topic.According to Holmes, people may switch a speech event to discuss a particular topic. Bilingual often finds it easier to discuss particular topics in one code rather than the other. For many bilinguals, certain kinds of referential content are more appropriately or more easily expressed in one language than the other. Look at the Chinese and English example below:

A group of Chinese students are discussing Chinese customs.

Li : “People here get divorce too easily. Like exchanging faulty goods. In Chinait’s not the same. Jia gou sui ji. (If you marry a dog, you follow a dog. If you marry a chicken, you follow a

chicken).”

32

Holmes, Janet. An Introduction of Linguistic. 2nd ed. England: Pearson Education Limited. 2001. p. 43.

This happens partly because the group of Chinese students have learned the vocabulary of their studies in English, so they do not always

know the word like “morpheme” in Cantonese. In other words they have affective, as well as a referential function.33

Sometimes, code-switching seems the same as borrowing, but actually it is quite different. Basically, linguists have made significant effort toward defining the difference between borrowing (loan-word) and code switching.34Furthermore, attempts to give some examples:

Adi : “Kemudian organisasi,kulo piyambak,Insya Allah sekitar

tiga puluh menit”.

The Javanese words, “kulo piyambak”, is an example of code-switching because it is used to express politeness. Meanwhile, the example of borrowing is:

Damari: “Dan waktu laporan nanti itu amal shalih dipersiapkan data-data.”

In this case, “amal shalih” is classified as a borrowing, because the speaker cannot find a particular word in the basic language that would fit the intended meaning.35

However, following Myers-Scotton, Gardner-Chloros and Romaine argue that every loan word starts off as a switch. Therefore, it is clear that historically loan word is transmitted word that has been integrated with the recipient language. While code-switching is spontaneously bounded by switching from

33

Ibid. p. 44

34

Susanto.Code Switching: In Indonesian Islamic Religious Discourse. A Sociolinguistic Perspective.Malang: UIN-Malang Press. 2008. p. 46

word or sentence of one language to another. Code-switching affects all level of linguistic structure simultaneously.36

36

Hamers, J. F & Blance, Michel H.A.Bilinguality and Bilingualism (Second Edition).

CHAPTER III RESEARCH FINDINGS

A. Data Description

In this chapter, the writer discusses the research findings. In the data collection for the study, the writer follows five steps. First, the writer observes the Talk Show program Hitam Putih by watching and recording it. Secondly, the writer watches again and takes notes of languages used by Deddy Corbuzier, Raline Shah, and Dewi Sandra. Third, the writer chooses utterances that consist of code. Fourth, the writer writes down the data. The final step is analyzing the data based on the types and the factors of code-switching and code-mixing.

For this study, the writer analyzes twenty nine characters’ dialogues that

use code-switching or code-mixing. The writer focuses on the dialogues between Deddy Corbuzier, Raline Shah, and Dewi Sandra because they switched and mixed the code entirely. The analyzed dialogues are taken from Hitam PutihTalk Show that aired on November 18 2013 on Trans7 channel.

Data

Date : Monday, November 18 2013.

Program : The data ofHitam PutihTalk Show.

Host/Guests : Deddy Corbuzier/Raline Shah and Dewi Sandra.

1. Deddy Corbuzier : “Nah, biasanya kalau bertanya pada orang yang dikenal itu agak susah, tapi bisakah bertanya dan

mereka bisa jujur apa tidak mejawab pertanyaan that’s a Question of Life. Raline Shah, dan Dewi Sandra.”

2. Raline Shah : (comes in and kisses Deddy’s cheeks) “Hi, how are you?”

Deddy Corbuzier : (kisses Raline’s cheeks) “Hi.”

3. Raline Shah : (sits across Dewi and points at her) “Am I to being you?”

Deddy Corbuzier : “Yes, that’s the idea. Tadi mana pertanyaannya? 4. Deddy Corbuzier : “Kayak dia pernah kangen aja sama suami.”

Raline Shah : “Tiap detik!”

Deddy Corbuzier : “Masa sih?”

Raline Shah : “Serius.”

Deddy Corbuzier : “Oh ya?”

Dewi Sandra : “Hey, I’m a good wife, man. I’m a good wife!”

5. Raline Shah : “Butuh berapa lama buat styling sama make-up tiap

hari?”

6. Dewi Sandra : “Uhm…Five minutes. Lima menit.”

Raline Shah : “No way!”

Dewi Sandra : “Lima menit.”

Raline Shah : “Really?”

Dewi Sandra : “Yeah.”

Raline Shah : “Oh, okay. Impressed.”

Dewi Sandra : “My best friend is Agus.”

Raline Shah : “Okay.Aduh, suaminya, romantis banget sih.”

8. Raline Shah : “Apa rahasia mbak untuk terushappy?”

Dewi Sandra : “Dijawabin sama Deddy. Nasibnya sama soalnya,

cuma saya sudah berlanjut, dia masihstay in position.”

Deddy Corbuzier : “Saya stuck.”

Dewi Sandra : “Yes, stuck. Stuck-nut.”

Deddy Corbuzier : “Iya, sayastuck.”

9. Raline Shah : “Apa yang menjadi insiprasi fashion mbak? ‘Cause I think you’re very fashionable, so…”

10. Dewi Sandra : “Hmm… fashion is expressing yourself. Kita mengekspresikan diri dengan pakaian, jadi butuh wear what you feel comfortable with.”

11. Dewi Sandra : “Basically that’s it. Raline juga cantik, kan? I love your fashion sense.”

Raline Shah : “Thank you.”

12. Raline Shah :“I’m never there!”

Dewi Sandra : “Yes, she’s never there! Jadi kalau deket, ‘Raline mana? Raline mana?’, ‘Raline udah pergi’, ‘Kemana sih?!’”

13. Raline Shah : “Aku selalu menghilang dan walaupun sudah aku menghilang karena aku yoga, kan?I’m always gone for yoga.”

14. Raline Shah : “Jadi kayak, ‘okay, cut’, okay, there’s yoga class tiga

sampai empat jam setengah.”

15. Deddy Corbuzier : “Bullshit.”

Dewi Sandra : “No, no, no. Dia yoga.”

16. Raline Shah : “Beneran, aku yoga. Udah sama tas gym kok, ‘okay, bye, everyone. I’m going for yoga’.”

17. Raline Shah : “Ya,becausekita di Eropa kan waktunya terbatas, jadi kalau ada break gitu, aku ke museum atau kemana,

staring at different thingsgitu.”

18. Dewi Sandra : “Setelah syuting ’99 Cahaya di Langit Eropa’,are you ready to be a mom?”

19. Raline Shah : “Am I ready to be a mom?”

Dewi Sandra : “Yes.”

Raline Shah : “No.”

20. Raline Shah : “I would love to be a mom, tapi aku butuh persiapan minimal satu tahun.”

21. Raline Shah : “Nikahnya sih siap, tapi kalau jadi ibu, I think I need satu tahun.”

22. Raline Shah : “Kalau menurut aku sih,she’s a good performer.”

23. Raline Shah : “She’s a good entertainer, maksudnya ngeliat dia tiap hari aja aku udah happygitu. Jadi, dia mau nyanyi, aku

24. Raline Shah : “Film nggak ada urusannya sama kehidupanaku,I still get paidsama.”

25. Raline Shah : “I don’t know, maybegatel aja kali.”

26. Deddy Corbuzier : “Emang kapan sih rencananya mau married

sebenernya?”

Raline Shah : “Uhm…thirty.”

Deddy Corbuzier : “Umur tiga puluh?”

Raline Shah : “Tiga puluh. Iya.”

Deddy Corbuzier : “Oh, tiga puluh. Kenapa tiga puluh?”

Raline Shah : “Ehm… karena aku memang adaplanlah.”

Deddy Corbuzier : “Adaplan?”

Raline Shah : “Ada plan. Ada life plan-nya gitu. Kayak business plan.”

27. Raline Shah : “Apa tuh?Oh, yeah, of course.”

28. Raline Shah : “So scary, kamu kalo ngikutin aku ke gunung, pasti aku takutnya itu tuyul. I mean, kamu tuh nggak

ber-style gitu. Gua bawa ke ulang tahun sepupu gue yang

umur tujuh belas gitu, ‘ih, kok pacar Raline ngeri

banget?’. Bawa ke kawinan nggak enak dilihat, pake kebaya. Jadino waygitu.”

The writer uses Ronald Wardhaugh’s theory of types of code-switching, and identifies the code-switching as situational code-switching, metaphorical code-switching, or conversational code-switching (code-mixing). The writer also

uses Janet Holmes’ criteria to differentiate which dialogues use code-switching or code-mixing, and identifies the factor influencing the switch or the mix, such as participant, status, solidarity, and topic.

B. Data Analysis

Having been mentioned in the previous chapter, the purpose of the study is to find out the type of code-switching and code-mixing, and the factors that influence them based on the related theories.

In determining the types and the influencing factors, the writer pays attention to the context of the conversation that involves Deddy Corbuzier as the host ofHitam Putihand the guests, Raline Shah and Dewi Sandra.

1. Deddy Corbuzier: “Nah, biasanya kalau bertanya pada orang yang dikenal itu agak susah, tapi bisakah bertanya dan mereka bisa jujur apa tidak mejawab pertanyaan

that’s a Question of Life. Raline Shah, dan Dewi Sandra.”

In the beginning of the show Deddy uses Indonesian to explain the change

of the show’s airing time to the audience. Then, he uses both Indonesian and English to introduce the next segment, ‘Question of Life’.

Deddy’s type of utterance is conversational switching, or code-mixing, with Topic factor. At first, Deddy talks about how difficult it must be for

a stranger to ask questions to another stranger in Indonesian. Then Deddy talks

about the name of the next segment, which is ‘Question of Life’, in English. Conversational code-switching, or code-mixing, means that there is a switching of

code in a single utterance. In Deddy’s utterance, he switches from Indonesian to

English. Therefore, it can be said that he mixes Indonesian with English. The factor of this type of code-mixing is Topic, because Deddy changes the topic from talking about how difficult it is to ask questions to stranger to introducing the name of the next segment.

2. Raline Shah : (comes in and kisses Deddy’s cheeks) “Hi, how are you?”

Deddy Corbuzier: (kisses Raline’s cheeks) “Hi.”

After introducing the next segment Deddy calls for two guests, Raline Shah and Dewi Sandra. When both guests come in, Raline greets Deddy in English. She uses English to him as she already knows he understands and speaks English. She does not mind the audience who may not understand English, as her greeting is meant for Deddy only. This type of utterance is metaphorical code-switching with Participant factor.

Metaphorical code-switching means that the change of code creates a new situation. With Raline greeting Deddy in English, she creates a situation of greeting. The Participant factor means that Raline uses English to address Deddy, not the whole audience.

Deddy, knowing that Raline greets him in English, switches from Indonesian to English. This is metaphorical code-switching with Solidarity factor. The Solidarity factor is because Deddy switches from Indonesian to English as Raline greets him in English. He could reply in Indonesian, but he acknowledges Raline’s ability of speaking English, so he uses English as well.

3. Raline Shah : (sits across Dewi and points at her) “Am I to being you?”

Deddy Corbuzier: “Yes, that’s the idea. Tadi mana pertanyaannya?

Raline asks a question to Dewi in English. However, Deddy answers it, although it is not meant for him. This type of utterance is situational code-switching with Status factor. Situational code-code-switching means that the situation causes the change of code. Raline asks a question to Dewi in English, and Deddy answers it in English too. The Status factor is because Deddy answers Raline’s

question to clarify as he is the host of the show, while Raline and Dewi are the guests.

After answering Raline’s question in English, Deddy switches to

Indonesian and asks the crew about the whereabouts of the questionnaire. This is also situational code-switching with Topic factor, as Deddy switches from

answering Raline’s question to asking the crew about the questionnaire.

4. Deddy Corbuzier: “Kayak dia pernah kangen aja sama suami.”

Raline Shah : “Tiap detik!”

Raline Shah : “Serius.”

Deddy Corbuzier: “Oh ya?”

Dewi Sandra : “Hey, I’m a good wife, man. I’m a good wife!”

Deddy and Raline talk about what Dewi usually does when she misses her husband. Dewi then jokingly exclaims in English that she is a good wife. Although Deddy and Raline use Indonesian, Dewi uses English as she knows both of them understand it, and she feels comfortable to use English. This type of utterance is metaphorical code-switching with Solidarity factor. It is metaphorical code-switching because Dewi creates a new situation by switching code. The Solidarity factor is because Dewi uses English to Raline and Deddy, whom she knows they understand English as well.

By exclaiming in English, Dewi also changes the topic. From Deddy and Raline who talk about Dewi in Indonesian, to Dewi who exclaims that she is a good wife in English. Therefore, this type of utterance is also metaphorical code-switching with Topic factor.

5. Raline Shah : “Butuh berapa lama buat styling samamake-up tiap hari?”

Raline asks Dewi a question with a mix of two English words, ‘styling’ and ‘make-up’.Both words have no meaning if translated to Indonesian, and Dewi might not understand what Raline means if she decides to translate them to Indonesian. Therefore, Raline decides to use the English words, as she knows

Dewi understands what she means. This type of utterance is conversational code-switching, or code-mixing, with Solidarity factor.

It is code-mixing because Raline mixes two English words in her Indonesian utterance. She could use the Indonesian translation of those words, but they would mean differently, so she does not use them. The Solidarity factor is

because Raline knows Dewi understands the words ‘styling’ and ‘make-up’.

6. Dewi Sandra : “Uhm…Five minutes. Lima menit.”

Raline Shah : “No way!”

Dewi Sandra : “Lima menit.”

Raline Shah : “Really?”

Dewi Sandra : “Yeah.”

Raline Shah : “Oh, okay. Impressed.”

Dewi and Raline have conversations with themselves. Although there are Deddy and the audience in the studio, they use both English and Indonesian. They feel comfortable to converse with both codes since they understand them. They do not mind if Deddy or the audience does not speak or understand English. This type of utterance is metaphorical code-switching with Participant factor, because Dewi and Raline create a new situation by switching code. The Participant factor

is because Dewi switches from Indonesian to English to respect Raline’s remarks

in English.

In the conversation, Raline switches the topic from dismissing Dewi’s answer to asking for Dewi’s clarification and to expressing how impressed she

feels about her answer. This is also metaphorical code-switching, but with Topic factor. It is still a part of metaphorical code-switching, which means Raline and Dewi create a new situation that separates them from Deddy and the audience. The Topic factor is because there is a change in the topic, from talking about how long Dewi does her make-up to Raline’s feeling about the answer.

7. Raline Shah : “Your best friend?”

Dewi Sandra : “My best friend is Agus.”

Raline Shah : “Okay.Aduh, suaminya, romantis banget sih.”

Raline asks Dewi a question in English, which Dewi replies in English too. They feel more comfortable in using English. After Dewi answers the question, Raline switches to Indonesian to talk to Deddy and the audience. She knows Deddy understands English, but the audience might not, therefore she switches to Indonesian so they all can understand. This is a situational code-switching with Solidarity factor. Situational code-switching means the situation causes the change of code. Raline realizes the situation is a live talk show, not a two-way conversation, so she switches code immediately. The Solidarity factor is because Raline switches from English to Indonesian, knowing that the audience may not understand their conversation in English.

After Raline accepts Dewi’s answer that Agus is her best friend, she

switches to telling Deddy and the audience how romantic it is that Dewi’s husband is also Dewi’s best friend. This is also situational code-switching with

Topic factor, because Raline switches from one topic to another and also switches from one code in explaining one topic and another code to explain the other topic.

8. Raline Shah : “Apa rahasia mbak untuk terushappy?”

Dewi Sandra : “Dijawabin sama Deddy. Nasibnya sama

soalnya, cuma saya sudah berlanjut, dia masih

stay in position.”

Deddy Corbuzier: “Saya stuck.”

Dewi Sandra : “Yes, stuck. Stuck-nut.”

Deddy Corbuzier: “Iya, sayastuck.”

Although there is an audience in the studio, Raline, Deddy, and Dewi are conversing together using both Indonesian and English. They are the only ones who understand the topic of the conversation. This is a conversational code-switching, or code-mixing with Participant factor. It is code-mixing because of the use of Indonesian and English in an utterance. The Participant factor is because Raline, Deddy, and Dewi become the participants of their conversation and do not invite the audience to join them.

In their conversation, Dewi and Deddy share a joke using English words. Both of them understand English and feel more comfortable to use it in the conversation. This is also conversational code-switching, or code-mixing, with Solidarity factor. The Solidarity factor is because Dewi and Deddy use English while sharing a joke, knowing that they both understand English.

9. Raline Shah : “Apa yang menjadi insiprasi fashion mbak?

‘Cause I think you’re very fashionable, so…”

Raline uses Indonesian to ask a question to Dewi about her inspiration in fashion. She comments in English that Dewi is very fashionable. She does this because she knows Dewi understands English, and she feels more comfortable to express herself in English. This is metaphorical code-switching with Solidarity factor. It is metaphorical code-switching because Raline creates a new situation by switching from Indonesian to English. At first, it is a question, then she changes the situation to a personal remark. The Solidarity factor is because Raline uses English in her remark, knowing that Dewi understands it.

A change of topic also occurs in Raline’s utterance. She switches from

asking question to expressing her opinion. Therefore, this is also metaphorical code-switching with Topic factor.

10. Dewi Sandra : “Hmm… fashion is expressing yourself. Kita mengekspresikan diri dengan pakaian, jadi butuh

wear what you feel comfortable with.”

Dewi answers Raline’s question about her fashion inspiration, saying that “Fashion is expressing yourself”. She uses English at first, but then she repeats her utterance in Indonesian, saying the exact same words. This is situational code-switching with Solidarity factor. There’s a change of situation, from Dewi

answering the question to explaining her opinion. The Solidarity factor is because Dewi answers the question in English for Raline, and then she re-states her answer in Indonesian for the audience.

After answering Raline’s question, Dewi gives an advice to both Raline

and the audience to wear what they feel comfortable with. This is also metaphorical code-switching, but with Topic factor. The Topic factor is because Dewi switches from answering question to giving advice.

11. Dewi Sandra : “Basically that’s it. Raline juga cantik, kan? I love yourfashion sense.”

Raline Shah : “Thank you.”

Dewi ends her previous topic about fashion inspiration and advice in English. Then, she speaks Indonesian to the audience, asking for their agreement towards her opinion that Raline is also beautiful. She then switches back to English when telling Raline how she loves her fashion sense. This is metaphorical code-switching with Solidarity factor. The metaphorical code-switching is because Dewi makes a new situation by switching to Indonesian. She asks the audience to agree that Raline is beautiful. The Solidarity factor is because Dewi talks in English to Raline, since she knows Raline understands English, and she talks in Indonesian to the audience, since she knows the audience may not understand English as well as Raline does.

In her utterance, after ending her previous statement with ‘Basically that’s it’, Dewi asks the audience for their opinion of Raline’s beauty, and then she pays compliment to Raline’s fashion sense. This is also metaphorical code-switching, but with Topic factor, because there is a change in topic.

Dewi Sandra : “Yes, she’s never there! Jadi kalau deket,

‘Raline mana? Raline mana?’, ‘Raline udah pergi’, ‘Kemana sih?!’”

Deddy asks Raline a question in Indonesian, and Raline replies in English.

Dewi responds to Raline’s answer in English as well. This is situational code-switching with Solidarity factor. The situational code-code-switching is caused by Dewi who suddenly responds to Raline in English and switches to Indonesian to

explain Raline’s answer. The Solidarity factor is because Raline and Dewi feel

comfortable to express themselves in English, although the question is in Indonesian. They know Deddy understands English as well.

After responding to Raline’s answer towards Deddy’s question, Dewi

explains to Deddy and the audience about the time when she looked for Raline on the set of shooting. This is also situational code-switching, but with Topic factor,

since Dewi switches from responding to Raline’s answer to explaining to Deddy and the audience.

13. Raline Shah : “Aku selalu menghilang dan walaupun sudah

aku menghilang karena aku yoga, kan? I’m always gone for yoga.”

Raline explains the reason why she always disappears during the shooting. First, she says that she is always gone for yoga class in Indonesian. Then she re-states her answer how she is always gone for yoga towards Deddy in English, who also understands English. This is situational code-switching with Solidarity factor.

It is situational code-switching because Raline creates a new situation that requires a change of code, which is re-stating her answer. The Solidarity factor is because Raline uses English to Deddy, but prefers to use Indonesian when asking for clarification from Dewi.

There is a change of topic in Raline’s utterance. First, Raline asks for

clarification from Dewi in Indonesian, and then she re-states her answer boldly to Deddy in English. This is also situational code-switching, but with Topic factor.

14. Raline Shah : “Jadi kayak, ‘okay, cut’, okay, there’s yoga classtiga sampai empat jam setengah.”

Raline uses filming terminology, ‘cut’, and English words ‘okay’ and ‘class’. She feels comfortable to use these words in English rather than in

Indonesian, as she is talking to Dewi and Deddy who understand English. This is conversational switching, or mixing, with Solidarity factor. It is code-mixing because Raline mixes English and Indonesian in her utterance. The Solidarity factor is because she feels comfortable to use either English or Indonesian to Deddy and Dewi.

15. Deddy Corbuzier: “Bullshit.”

Dewi Sandra : “No, no, no. Dia yoga.”

Deddy expresses his disbelief towards jokingly to Raline in English. Dewi counters him in English as well, as she is a participant of their conversation. This is a metaphorical switching with Participant factor. It is metaphorical

joke in English. The Participant factor is because Dewi counters Deddy, although there is Raline and the audience too, but she means it towards Deddy.

After countering Deddy’s opinion of Raline’s statement, Dewi clarifies

how Raline really takes yoga class. This is also metaphorical code-switching with Topic factor, since Dewi switches from countering Deddy’s opinion to explaining Raline’s yoga class schedule.

16. Raline Shah : “Beneran, aku yoga. Udah sama tas gym kok,

‘okay, bye, everyone. I’m going for yoga’.”

Raline states that she really takes yoga class, then she gives an example of what she usually did before leaving for it. This is a conversational code-switching, or code-mixing, with Topic factor. The code-mixing is because Raline uses English and Indonesian in her utterance. The Topic factor is because Raline changes topic from stating her schedule to giving example of her farewell before leaving for yoga class.

17. Raline Shah : “Ya, because kita di Eropa kan waktunya terbatas, jadi kalau ada break gitu, aku ke museum atau kemana, staring at different things gitu.”

Raline uses mainly Indonesian in this utterance, but she inserts English words. She feels more comfortable using English and Indonesian in her utterance, and she knows that Deddy and Dewi understand English. She still does not mind if the audience does not understand English as well as they do. This is

conversational switching, or mixing, with Solidarity factor. The code-mixing is because Raline uses both English and Indonesian in her utterance. The Solidarity factor is because Raline uses English, knowing that Deddy and Dewi understands it.

18. Dewi Sandra : “Setelah syuting ’99 Cahaya di Langit Eropa’, are you ready to be a mom?”

Dewi asks a question to Raline. She opens the question in Indonesian, then she continues in English. Although there is Deddy between her and Raline, she only expresses the question to Raline. This is situational code-switching with Participant factor. The code-switching occurs because the situation needs change

of code. From using Indonesian to get audience’s attention, Dewi uses English to

ask question to Raline. The Participant factor is because Dewi asks the question only to Raline, therefore she uses English.

The action of opening the question in Indonesian and continuing in English is a code-switching with Solidarity factor. Dewi uses Indonesian to gain

the audience’s attention, and then she uses English to ask the question to Raline.

Therefore, this type of utterance is also situational code-switching, but with Solidarity factor.

19. Raline Shah : “Am I ready to be a mom?”

Dewi Sandra : “Yes.”

Raline and Dewi have a conversation about whether Raline is ready to be a mother or not. Despite Deddy being present between them, and the audience watching and listening, Raline and Dewi only have a conversation on their own. This is situational switching with Participant factor. The situational code-switching is because Raline and Dewi are in a situation that require them conversing in English, that is asking and answering question. The Participant factor is because they only talk with English, and exclude Deddy and the audience from their conversation.

Raline repeats Dewi’s question in English, and Dewi answers in

Indonesian. Raline then replies in English. This proves that Raline is more comfortable in using English than Indonesian. She knows Dewi understands English, therefore she does not mind speaking it. This is also situational code-switching, but with Solidarity factor.

20. Raline Shah : “I would love to be a mom, tapi aku butuh

persiapan minimal satu tahun.”

Raline expresses that she wants to be a mother, but then she expresses how she needs a year of preparation. At first, she uses English to say that she wants to be a mother, but then she continues in Indonesian how she needs a year of preparation. This is metaphorical code-switching with Topic factor. The metaphorical code-switching occurs because Raline creates a new situation, since Raline switches the topic from expressing opinion on how she wants to be a mother to another opinion how she needs a year of preparation.

21. Raline Shah : “Nikahnya sih siap, tapi kalau jadi ibu,I think I needsatu tahun.”

Raline mixes English words to mark the change of topic. She says that she agrees to get married in Indonesian. She then says that she needs a year to be a mother. This is conversational code-switching, or code-mixing, with Topic factor. The code-mixing occurs because Raline uses both Indonesian and English in her utterance. The Topic factor is because Raline switches from answering the question to giving a reason.

22. Raline Shah : “Kalau menurut aku sih, she’s a good performer.”

Raline expresses her opinion about Dewi in English, despite being asked in Indonesian. She feels comfortable to use English to state her opinion. This is conversational switching, or mixing, with Solidarity factor. The code-mixing occurs because Raline uses both Indonesian and English in her utterance. The Solidarity factor is because Raline uses both language to express her opinion, knowing that Deddy and Dewi understand what she means, which makes her more comfortable to answer in both language.

23. Raline Shah : “She’s a good entertainer, maksudnya ngeliat dia tiap hari aja aku udah happy gitu. Jadi, dia mau nyanyi, aku happy. Dia lagi nggak nyanyi jugahappy.”

Raline still expresses her opinion about Dewi. She thinks Dewi is a good entertainer. Raline uses English in saying this, because she feels more comfortable

to do so. This is conversational code-switching, or code-mixing, with Solidarity factor. The code-mixing occurs because Raline uses both English and Indonesian in her utterance. The Solidarity factor is because Raline can use both English and Indonesian comfortably in front of Dewi and Deddy, since she knows they understand her.

After expressing her opinion about Dewi, Raline then explains what she feels about her, how Dewi makes her happy. This is also conversational code-switching, or code-mixing, but with Topic factor. The Topic factor is caused by the change of Raline, from expressing opinion to explaining her feeling about Dewi.

24. Raline Shah : “Film nggak ada urusannya sama kehidupan aku,I still get paidsama.”

As an actress, Raline reveals how film industry has nothing to do with her personal life or income. This is conversational code-switching, or code-mixing, with Status factor. The code-mixing occurs because Raline uses English in her Indonesian utterance. The Status factor is because she answers the question as an actress and the guest of the talk show.

After talking of how film industry has nothing to do with her life, Raline explains that her income is just the same. This is also conversational code-switching, or code-mixing, with Topic factor. The Topic factor is because Raline switches from telling how film industry has nothing to do with her life to talking about how she still gets the same payment from her job as an actress.

25. Raline Shah : “I don’t know, maybegatel aja kali.”

Raline answers Deddy’s question in English, as she really doesn’t know

the reason why the Turkish man proposed to her in the first place. She then follows the answer by expressing her opinion in Indonesian of how the man might only be flirting with her. This is conversational code-switching, or code-mixing, with Solidarity factor. The code-mixing occurs because Raline uses both English and Indonesian in her utterance. The Solidarity factor is because Raline uses

English to answer Deddy’s question, which is also in English.

26. Deddy Corbuzier: “Emang kapan sih rencananya mau married sebenernya?”

Raline Shah : “Uhm…thirty.”

Deddy Corbuzier: “Umur tiga puluh?”

Raline Shah : “Tiga puluh. Iya.”

Deddy Corbuzier: “Oh, tiga puluh. Kenapa tiga puluh?”

Raline Shah : “Ehm… karena aku memang adaplanlah.”

Deddy Corbuzier: “Adaplan?”

Raline Shah : “Ada plan. Ada life plan-nya gitu. Kayak

business plan.”

Raline answers Deddy’s questions using English words. Both Raline and Deddy understand English, therefore Deddy does not mind with Raline using English words. This is conversational code-switching, or code-mixing, with Solidarity factor. The code-mixing occurs because Raline and Deddy converse

using English and Indonesian. The Solidarity factor is because they do not mind talking in both languages, despite the presence of the audience and Dewi.

As a host, Deddy asks questions to his guest, Raline. Raline answers his questions in English and Indonesian. This is also conversational code-switching, or code-mixing, with Status factor. The Status factor is because Deddy asks the question as the host of the talk show, while Raline answers as the guest.

27. Raline Shah : “Apa tuh?Oh, yeah, of course.”

Deddy asks a question in Indonesian, but Raline prefers to answer in English. This proves that Raline prefers to use English in her utterance. This is metaphorical switching with Solidarity factor. The metaphorical code-switching occurs because Raline creates a new situation by asking for clarification in Indonesian, then answering the question in English. The Solidarity factor is because she answers in English, knowing that Deddy understands her.

Before answering Deddy’s question, Raline asks him for clarification of what plan that he means, but then she answers it without waiting for his answer. This is also metaphorical code-switching with Topic factor, since there is a

change of topic in Raline’s utterance.

28. Raline Shah : “So scary, kamu kalo ngikutin aku ke gunung, pasti aku takutnya itu tuyul. I mean, kamu tuh nggak ber-style gitu. Gua bawa ke ulang tahun

sepupu gue yang umur tujuh belas gitu, ‘ih, kok

nggak enak dilihat, pake kebaya. Jadi no way

gitu.”

Raline tells Deddy of how scary he is, and she explains why. She uses mainly Indonesian, but she also uses English words. This means she prefers to use both codes as she feels more comfortable with them. This is conversational code-switching, or code-mixing, with Solidarity factor. The code-mixing occurs because Raline mixes her Indonesian utterance with English words. The Solidarity factor is because she knows Deddy understands her, so she speaks in both Indonesian and English.

29. Raline Shah : “Your style is notber-style.”

Raline tells Deddy what she thinks of his style using a combination of English and Indonesian. Although she can use the Indonesian word, she prefers to use English instead. This is conversational code-switching, or code-mixing, with Solidarity factor. The code-mixing occurs because Raline mixes her English utterance with Indonesian word. The Solidarity factor is because she knows Deddy understands her meaning, therefore she feels comfortable talking in English and Indonesian.

CHAPTER IV

CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

A. Conclusion

The result of analysis shows that there are twenty nine cases of code-switching and code-mixing in the conversations. From the cases, the writer finds the host of Hitam Putih Talk Show, Deddy Corbuzier, and the guests of the show, Raline Shah and Dewi Sandra, use fifteen code-switching based on factors of five Participant, eleven Solidarity, one Status, and twelve Topic. Seven of the code-switching are situational code-code-switching, and eight of them are metaphorical switching. They also use fourteen conversational switching, or code-mixing, based on factors of one Participant, ten Solidarity, two Status, and five Topic.

The type usually used by Deddy Corbuzier, Raline Shah, and Dewi Sandra is metaphorical code-switching. They prefer to communicate in both codes. For them, it does not matter whether the audience understands them or not. What matters is they can communicate easily and comfortably.

The most frequently used factor of code-switching is solidarity. It comes because when the host or the guests switch to English, the others follow by switching to the same code. When they are talking to the audience, they switch to Indonesian, knowing that the audience may not have the same understanding of English. Whereas, the topic factor is connected to solidarity factor. The change of

topic commonly happens at the same time with solidarity, because whether the host and the guests are talking in English to themselves or talking in Indonesian to the audience (solidarity), the change of topic always happens. The least factor is participant.

The least frequently used factor is status. Despite Deddy being the host, he barely communicates formally with the guests. The host and the guests communicate casually without status difference. Only when the host starts controlling the conversation that the status factor is used.

B. Suggestion

This research discusses code-switching, code-mixing, and describes the factors influencing the language used by the host and the guests of Hitam Putih

Talk Show on November 18 2013. The writer hopes this research can enrich sociolinguistics repertoire in Indonesia.

Based on the analysis above, the writer would like to suggest the readers to be more concerned in analyzing code-switching and code-mixing with relevant

theories. Ronald Wardhaugh and Janet Holmes’ theories of code-switching make it easier to categorize types and factors of code-switching in a conversation, but the writer also suggests the reader to use other related theories to further analyze code-switching and code-mixing.

Lastly, the writer hopes this research would give advantages for all students of English Letters Department who are expected to have more knowledge about code-switching and code-mixing as used by the host and the guests of

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Abdul Chaer dan Leonie Agustina.Sosiolinguistik Perkenalan Awal. Jakarta Rineka Cipta. 2004. Ayeomoni, Mo. Code-Switching and Code-Mixing: Style of Language Use in Childhood in

Yoruba Speech Community in Nordic Journal of African Studies. Nigeria: Obafemi Awolowo University. 2006.

Bloomfield, Leonard.Language. United States: University of Chicago Press. 1933. Chaer, Abdul.Linguistik Umum. Jakarta: Rineka Cipta. 1994.

F. J. Hamers & H.A.M Blanc, Bilinguality and Bilingualism. United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. 1987.

Farkhan, Muhammad.Proposal Penelitian Bahasa dan Sastra. Jakarta: Cella, 2007.

Holmes, Janet.An Introduction of Linguistic 2nd ed. England: Pearson Education Limited. 2001. Hudson, Richard.2nd cd. Sociolinguistic. Great Britannia: Cambridge University Press. 1996. Jourdan, C. & Tuite, K. Language, Culture and Society: Key Topics in Linguistic Anthropology.

New York: Cambridge University Press. 2006.

Marasigan, E. Code Switching and Code Mixing in the Multilingual Socities. Singapore: Singapore University Press. 1983.

Rommaine, Suzanne.Bilingualism, 2nd Edition. Massachusetts: Blackwell publisher Inc. 1995. Siregar, Bahren Umar. Code Alternation in Bilingual Speech Behaviour- Bahasa

Indonesia-English Language Mixing. Universitas Sumatera Utara Press. 1996. Spolsky, Bernard.Sociolinguistics. New York: Oxford University Press. 1998.

Susanto. Code Switching: In Indonesian Islamic Religious Discourse. A Sociolinguistic Perspective. Malang: UIN-Malang Press. 2008.

Wardhaugh, Ronald. An Introduction to Sociolinguistic. 4th ed. Massachusetts: Blackwell Publisher. 2002.

Website

https://www.boundless.com/sociology/textbooks/boundless-sociology-textbook/culture-3/the-symbolic-nature-of-culture-30/language-191-3595/(accessed on February 10 2016, 15:35 PM)

CURRICULUM VITAE

PERSONAL DATA

Name : Luthfi Maulana Zulkarnain

NIM : 108026000010

Program Study : English Letters Department

Address : Jl By Pass Jomin Kp. Karajan Rt.02/02 Kotabaru

Karawang

Place/Date of Birth : Jakarta, 08 Augustus 1990

Sex : Male

Religion : Moslem

Marital Status : Married

Telephone : 081382337337

Email : Luthfimaulanaz.lm@gmail.com

Title of Thesis : Code-switching and Code-Mixing in Hitam Putih Talk Show on November 18, 2013

44 CHAPTER IV

CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

A. Conclusion

The result of analysis shows that there are twenty nine cases of code-switching and code-mixing in the conversations. From the cases, the writer finds the host of Hitam Putih Talk Show, Deddy Corbuzier, and the guests of the show, Raline Shah and Dewi Sandra, use fifteen code-switching based on factors of five Participant, eleven Solidarity, one Status, and twelve Topic. Seven of the code-switching are situational code-code-switching, and eight of them are metaphorical switching. They also use fourteen conversational switching, or code-mixing, based on factors of one Participant, ten Solidarity, two Status, and five Topic.

The type usually used by Deddy Corbuzier, Raline Shah, and Dewi Sandra is metaphorical code-switching. They prefer to communicate in both codes. For them, it does not matter whether the audience understands them or not. What matters is they can communicate easily and comfortably.

The most frequently used factor of code-switching is solidarity. It comes because when the host or the guests switch to English, the others follow by switching to the same code. When they are talking to the audience, they switch to Indonesian, knowing that the audience may not have the same understanding of English. Whereas, the topic factor is connected to solidarity factor. The change of

45

topic commonly happens at the same time with solidarity, because whether the host and the guests are talking in English to themselves or talking in Indonesian to the audience (solidarity), the change of topic always happens. The least factor is participant.

The least frequently used factor is status. Despite Deddy being the host, he barely communicates formally with the guests. The host and the guests communicate casually without status difference. Only when the host starts controlling the conversation that the status factor is used.

B. Suggestion

This research discusses code-switching, code-mixing, and describes the factors influencing the language used by the host and the guests of Hitam Putih Talk Show on November 18 2013. The writer hopes this research can enrich sociolinguistics repertoire in Indonesia.

Based on the analysis above, the writer would like to suggest the readers to be more concerned in analyzing code-switching and code-mixing with relevant theories. Ronald Wardhaugh and Janet Holmes’ theories of code-switching make it easier to categorize types and factors of code-switching in a conversation, but the writer also suggests the reader to use other related theories to further analyze code-switching and code-mixing.

46

Lastly, the writer hopes this research would give advantages for all students of English Letters Department who are expected to have more knowledge about code-switching and code-mixing as used by the host and the guests of Hitam PutihTalk Show on November 18 2013.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Abdul Chaer dan Leonie Agustina.Sosiolinguistik Perkenalan Awal. Jakarta Rineka Cipta. 2004. Ayeomoni, Mo. Code-Switching and Code-Mixing: Style of Language Use in Childhood in

Yoruba Speech Community in Nordic Journal of African Studies. Nigeria: Obafemi Awolowo University. 2006.

Bloomfield, Leonard.Language. United States: University of Chicago Press. 1933. Chaer, Abdul.Linguistik Umum. Jakarta: Rineka Cipta. 1994.

F. J. Hamers & H.A.M Blanc, Bilinguality and Bilingualism. United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. 1987.

Farkhan, Muhammad.Proposal Penelitian Bahasa dan Sastra. Jakarta: Cella, 2007.

Holmes, Janet.An Introduction of Linguistic 2nd ed. England: Pearson Education Limited. 2001. Hudson, Richard.2nd cd. Sociolinguistic. Great Britannia: Cambridge University Press. 1996. Jourdan, C. & Tuite, K. Language, Culture and Society: Key Topics in Linguistic Anthropology.

New York: Cambridge University Press. 2006.

Marasigan, E. Code Switching and Code Mixing in the Multilingual Socities. Singapore: Singapore University Press. 1983.

Rommaine, Suzanne.Bilingualism, 2nd Edition. Massachusetts: Blackwell publisher Inc. 1995. Siregar, Bahren Umar. Code Alternation in Bilingual Speech Behaviour- Bahasa

Indonesia-English Language Mixing. Universitas Sumatera Utara Press. 1996. Spolsky, Bernard.Sociolinguistics. New York: Oxford University Press. 1998.

Susanto. Code Switching: In Indonesian Islamic Religious Discourse. A Sociolinguistic Perspective. Malang: UIN-Malang Press. 2008.

Wardhaugh, Ronald. An Introduction to Sociolinguistic. 4th ed. Massachusetts: Blackwell Publisher. 2002.

Website

https://www.boundless.com/sociology/textbooks/boundless-sociology-textbook/culture-3/the-symbolic-nature-of-culture-30/language-191-3595/(accessed on February 10 2016, 15:35 PM)

CURRICULUM VITAE

PERSONAL DATA

Name : Luthfi Maulana Zulkarnain

NIM : 108026000010

Program Study : English Letters Department

Address : Jl By Pass Jomin Kp. Karajan Rt.02/02 Kotabaru Karawang

Place/Date of Birth : Jakarta, 08 Augustus 1990

Sex : Male

Religion : Moslem

Marital Status : Married

Telephone : 081382337337

Email : Luthfimaulanaz.lm@gmail.com

Title of Thesis : Code-switching and Code-Mixing in Hitam Putih Talk Show on November 18, 2013