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CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
Review of the literature chapter is aimed at discussing the theories that underlie this study. It involves theoretical descriptions. Since this study discusses
the use of peer feedback in writing class, the theoretical descriptions contains the concept of peer feedback and issues of the use of peer feedback in writing class.
In the theoretical framework, the researcher relates the theories to the study.
A. Theoretical Description
This section deals with the explanation of perception, writing as process, feedback and the role of peer feedback in writing class.
1. Perception
a. Definition of Perception
Huffman and Vernoys 2000 define perception as a process of selecting, organizing, and interpreting sensory data into usable mental representations of the
world. Through this definition, they state that experiences, cultural factors, perceptual expectations and personal motivations and frame of reference influence
the process of forming the perception. Moreover, Altman, Valenzi, and Hodgetts 1985 describe perception as a
person’s view of reality. It is the way stimuli are selected and grouped by a person so that they can be meaningfully interpreted. The perceptual process starts from
stimuli that a person has chosen. Then, our individual sensors select data from the
8 stimuli and allow us to interpret, or give meaning to, the sensory message. This
message is, then, sent to the brain. Thus, the brain will process the message into feeling. Finally, the brain continues to interpret the feeling into perceptions.
b. Factors Influencing Perception
There are a number of factors influencing a person’s perception. Altman et al. 1985 describe four of the most important factors influence a person’s
perceptions. They are as followed.
1 Selection of Stimuli
A person focuses on only a small number of stimuli from all stimuli with which he or she is surrounded. This process is called selection. That is why people
perceive things differently. It means that each person selects specific cues and filters, or screen, out the others.
2 Organization of Stimuli
After information has been selected, it must be arranged to become meaningful. The mind tries to bring order out the unarranged data by selecting
certain items and putting them together in a meaningful way based on experience.
3 The Situation
A familiarity and expectation about a situation affect what a person perceives. Perceiving a situation deals with how well a person adjusts his or her
behavior to situation.
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4 Self-Concept
Self-concept or the way a person feels about and perceives him or herself. This self-concept is important since the mental picture of a person determines
much of what he or she perceives and does.
c. Students’ Perception Toward Peer Feedback
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