Research Problem Problem Limitation

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CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

In this chapter, the researcher discusses the related literatures which become the basic of the study. This chapter is divided into two parts. The first part is theoretical description; which involves some important theories related to the research. The second part is theoretical framework; which provides the summary of the specific theories which are used as the guideline to answer the problems.

A. Theoretical Description

There are four points to be discussed in the theoretical description. Those are perception, independent learning, young English learners, and Kumon English Course .

1. Perception

According to Robbins 2005, perception is a process by which individuals organize and interpret their sensory impressions in order to give meaning to their environment p. 143. As Altman, Valenzi, and Hodgetts 1985 point out, “Perception is the way stimuli are selected and grouped by a person so that they can be meaningfully interpreted ” p. 85. When children are receiving the stimuli, children can identify the stimuli. After they indentify the stimuli then they will recognize information. They will match and compare the information that they 9 obtain recently with the information that they obtained in the past. From those definitions, perception is viewed as the responses to a stimulus or to surroundings. However, perception will create behavioral responses. For example, when a child has positive perception of independent learning method in the place that he or she is studying, he or she will create a positive behavioral response toward that activity. A figure 2.1.1 figure out the perceptional process from a person gets the stimuli until he or she can response it in a behavioral. Figure 2.1.1 The Perceptual Process Altman et al., 1985:86 People have different ways to select and group the stimuli. It is different because there are several factors. Altman et al., 1985 explains that the way we interpret the information depends on several factors, including clarify and familiarity of the stimuli, our physical characteristics, our needs and values, knowledge, feelings, and past experience. McShane and Glinow 2005 explain that the attention from the environmental stimuli is based on our senses. p. 76 Therefore, there are various factors that influence people’s perception although they have a similar stimulus. Stimuli Sensory’ selection of stimuli Perception, organization, and interpretation of stimuli Behavioral response