Theoretical Framework .1 An Overview of Discourse Analysis

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CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

2.1 Theoretical Framework 2.1.1 An Overview of Discourse Analysis Enggin 2004:23 states that text is used in linguistics to refer to any passage, spoken and written, of whatever, that does a form a unified whole. Written text can be found in the articles, letters, stories, comics, instruction and in other form. While spoken text can be found in the speech, interview, conversation, interruption, etc. in this thesis, the writer will analyze written text in the form of clauses becoming object of the analysis. The theory in seeing language phenomenon that can be applied in this analysis is Systemic Functional Linguistics SFL. Systemic Functional Linguistics is a theory to linguistics that considers language as a social semiotic system. It was developed by Halliday who took the notions of system from his teacher, J.R Firth. Whereas Firth considered systems that refer to possibilities subordinated to structure. Halliday, in a certain sense‖ liberated‖ the dimension of choice from structure and made it the central organizing dimension of this theory. In other words, whereas many approaches to linguistic description place structure and the syntagmatic axis in the foreground, Hallidean systemic functional theory adopts the paradigmatic axis as its point of departure. The term systemic accordingly foregrounds Saussure‘s ―paradigmatic axis‖ in understanding how language works. For Halliday, a central theoretical principle is then that any act of communication involves choices. Language is a Universitas Sumatera Utara 24 system, and the choices avalaible in any language variety are mapped using the representation tool of the system network. In addition, Halliday says that systemic functional linguistic is also functional, because it considers language to have evolved under the pressure of the particular functions that the language system has to serve. Functions are therefore taken to have left their mark on the structure and organization of language at all levels, which is said to be achieved via metafunctions. The term metafunction is particular to systemic functional linguistics. The organization of the functional framework around systems, i.e., choices, is a significant difference from other ―functional‖ approaches, such as, Dik‘s functional grammar FG, or as now often termed, functional discourse grammar and lexical function grammar. Thus, it is important to use the full designation-systemic functional linguistics-rather than just functional grammar or functional linguistics. Halliday 1985:44 states that all languages involve three generalized functions, or metafunctions: one contrues experience meaning about the outer and inner worlds; one enacts social relations meanings concerned with interpersonal relations, and one weaves together of these two functions to create text the wording, because these functions are considered to come into being simultaneously-viz, one cannot mean about the world without having either a real or virtual audience-language must also be able to bring these meanings together: this is the role of structural organization, be that grammatical, semantic or contextual.

2.2 Metafunction of Language