Transitivity System REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

28 consists of a theme combined with a Rheme. Within that configuration, the theme is starting point for the message; it is the ground from which the clause is taking off‖.

2.3 Transitivity System

The concept of transitivity in Halliday‘s grammatical system is a powerful tool in the analysis of the meanings expressed in clauses. The term transitivity has a broader and narrower meaning. The narrower meaning found in traditional grammatical description and the one with which most readers are probably familiar involves the verb‘s relationship to dependent elements of structure. Transitive verbs take a direct object and intransitive verbs do not. Stated differently, the action of the verb extends to another entity in a transitive clause, but not in an intransitive clause. For example, the difference between ―The tiger Actor pounced Process‖ and The tiger Actor ate Process the deer Goal‖ is that the action ―eat‖ extends to ―the deer‖. In the broader meaning as proposed by Halliday and assumed in the OpenText.org annotation, the system of transitivity consists of the various types of processes together with the structures that realize these process. There are three basic elements to all process structure-the process itself, the participants in the process, and the circumstances associated with the process. In the SFL model, a representation of experience consists of: 1. Processes: what kind of eventstate is being described. 2. Participants: the entities involved in the process, e.g., actor, sayer, senser, etc. 3. Circumstances: specifying the when, where, why and how of the process. Example: The dog bit the postman yesterday The dog bit the postman yesterday Participants Process participants Circumstance Universitas Sumatera Utara 29 Halliday distinguishes six process types. They are: 1. Material Process Material process is process of doing, that some entity does something and undertakes some action which may be done to some other entity. Clauses with a material process obligatory have a doing process and a doer participant. Actions involve actors or participants. The dog barked Participant Process The fuel ignites Participant Process The entity who or which does something is the Actor. There is an entity to which the process is extended or directed. This entity which may be done is the Goal. Because some processes also have a second participant. For example: The dog barked the stranger Participant Process Participant As an Actor as a Goal Universitas Sumatera Utara 30 The Police arrested the robber Participant Process Participant As an Actor as a Goal The term ―Goal‖ implies meaning of ―directed at‖. Goal is that participant at whom the process is directed or to whom the action is extended. Another term that has been used for this function is patient which means one that suffers or undergoes the process. Nevertheless, the writer will keep familiar term goal in the present analysis. The goal is most like the traditional direct object which is known as transitive verb may take. There are two variables of material process: 1. Creative a ‗bringing about‘ 2. Dispositive a ‗doing to‘ In the creative type of material process, the goal is brought about by the process: Frederick Douglas wrote a narrative story Actor Material process Goal In dispositive type, we have doing and happening. He dismissed the secretary Actor Material process Goal Material process reflects a ‗doing to‘ action. The gun discharged Actor Material Material Process reflects a happening. Universitas Sumatera Utara 31

2. Mental Process

Mental process is a type of transitivity process that relates to sense, feelings, thought or perception. Some processes involve not material action but phenomena described as states of mind or psychological events. People are not always talking about concrete process of doing. They very often talk not about what they are doing, but about what they think or feel. Halliday calls processes which encode meanings of thinking or feeling as mental processes. These processes tend to be realized through the use of verbs like think, believe, understand, know, feel, smell, hear, see, want, like, please, admire, repel, enjoy, fear, and frighten. There are three types of mental process: 1. Affective or reactive feeling which is recognized through the use of verbs liking and fearing. 2. Cognitive thinking which is recognized through the use of verbs like thinking, knowing and understanding. 3. Perceptive perceiving through the five senses which is recognized through the use of verbs like seeing and hearing. Mental process is mental, covert kinds of goings-on, and the participant involves within it, is not so much acting or acting upon in a doing sense, as sensing-having feelings, perceiving or thinking. We can recognize that mental process is different from material process because it no longer makes sense to ask ―What did X do to Y?‖ I hate injections What did you do to the injection? I hate it She believes her excuses Universitas Sumatera Utara 32 What did she do to his excuses? She believed them With these clauses, it makes more sense to ask: ―What do you think or feel or know about X?‖ - What do you think about injections? I hate them. - What did she think about her excuses? She believed them. What makes mental process looks different from material one is that we probe them differently. That when we probe, we find we are not asking about an action or doing in a tangible, physical sense; but it is about mental reaction; related to a thought, feeling or perception. The participants role in mental process are‘ senser‘ and ‗phenomena‘ associated with any mental process. Even if one participant is apparently absent, it will need to be retrieved from the context for the clause to make sense. She believed always implies she believed something or someone. One participant in mental process clause must be a conscious human participant, because only a conscious human being can perform a mental process. This participant is called senser. The senser who feels, thinks or perceives, must either be human or an anthropomorphized non human. It must be a conscious being: She believed her excuses Senser Mental process I hate injections Senser Mental process Universitas Sumatera Utara 33 It is important to consider what label has to apply to the second participant in a mental process clause. Halliday labels the second participant as the phenomenon. The phenomenon is that which is sensed: felt, thought or seen by the conscious senser. She believed her excuses Senser Mental process Phenomenon do you Want more soup? Senser Mental process Phenomenon Halliday also identifies two types of embedded phenomena: acts and facts. 1. Phenomenon: Acts Acts occur with mental process of perception: seeing, hearing, noticing, etc. An act is realized by an imperfective non-finite clause acting as if it were a simple noun. I Saw the operation taking place Senser Mental process Phenomenon: act 2. Phenomenon: Facts A fact is an embedded clause is usually finite and usually introduced by a‘ that‘, functioning as if it were a simple noun. She didn‘t realize that it was a bomb Universitas Sumatera Utara 34 Senser Mental process Phenomenon: Fact

3. Relational Processes

Relational processes involves states of being, including having. Relational process is typically realized by the verb be or some verb of the same class known as Copular Verbs, for example, appear, become, seem or sometimes by verbs such as have, own, and posses. Relational process can be classified according to whether it is being used to identify something or to assign quality to something. Process which establishes an identity is called identifying process. While process which assigns a quality is called attributive process. Each has its own characteristic participant roles. 1. Identifying Process An identifying clause is not about describing or classifying, but defining. The meaning of an identifying intensive is that ‗X serves to define the identity of Y‘. In this process, the participant roles are tokens and value. You Are the tallest one here Token Identifying process Value You are identified as the ‗holder‘ or ‗occupant‘ of the identity or label of the tallest one. Grammatically, the defining involves two participants: a. Token which stands for what is being defined b. Value which defines All identifying clauses are reversible, they can form passives: Universitas Sumatera Utara 35 The tallest one is you Value Identifying Token The reversibility of identifying clauses raises the question of determining which ‗side‘ of the clause is the token and which one is the value. This can be determined both semantically and grammatically. Halliday 1985:115 points out that semantically, t he token will be a ‗sign‘, name, form, holder or occupant of a value which gives the ‗meaning, referent, function, status or role‘ of the token. While, the token is the nominal group which contains the ‗name‘ which gives the classification. - Token will always be the subject in an active clause - Value will always be subject in a passive clause 2. Attributive Process In the attributive sub-type, a quality, classification or descriptive epithet Attribute is assigned to a participant carrier which is realized by a noun or nominal group. Attribute is a quality or epithet ascribed to the carrier means that ‗X carries the attribute a‘ while carrier means ‗X is a member of the class a‘ You are very tall Carrier Attributive Attribute I won‘t be a liar Carrier Attributive Attribute Universitas Sumatera Utara 36 On the contrary to identifying clauses, the essential characteristic of the attributive clauses is that they are not reversible. In the other words, there is no passive form of the clause; the subject can never conflate with the role of attribute, but it will always conflate with the role of carrier. Relational process can be further sub-classified according to whether they are intensive quality, possessive and circumstantial. The option available to relational process can be shown as presented: Attributive : Carrier, Attribute RELATIONAL Identifying: Token, Value PROCESSES Intensive Possessive Circumstantial

4. Verbal Processes

Verbal process is a process of saying or of symbolically signaling. A verbal process typically contains three participants: - Sayer - Receiver - Verbiage The sayer is the participant responsible for the verbal process, who encodes a signal source. Does not have to be a conscious participant although it typically is, but anything capable of putting out a signal. The receiver is the one to whom the verbal process is Universitas Sumatera Utara 37 directed, or the one to whom the verbalization is addressed. The verbiage is a nominalized statement of the verbal process, a noun expressing some kind of verbal behaviour, a name for the verbalization itself statement, answer, question, or story. I asked my teacher a question Sayer Verbal Receiver Verbiage Human Participant Human Participant The sayer signal source needs not to be a conscious being. The sign says ―no smoking‖ Sayer Verbal Verbiage Signal Participant The alarm clock screamed Sayer Verbal Signal Participant Here are some examples of verbal processes in the list below. Some of them are used only for reporting and others for both reporting and quoting. Reporting Quoting Hypothesize, deny, insinuate say, tell, remark, observe, point out, report, ask Remind, claim, make out announce, shout, cry, demand, reply, interrupt She told me a rude joke Sayer Verbal Receiver Verbiage Universitas Sumatera Utara 38 Pretend explain, protest, warm, insist, inquire Direct quoted speech I said ―can you avoid the scar tissue?‖ Sayer Verbal Indirect reported speech I asked them to avoid the scar tissue Sayer Verbal Receiver Direct quoted speech He said commanded ―carry the bag‖ Sayer Verbal Indirect reported He said commanded Her to carry the bag Sayer Verbal Receiver

5. Behavioral Processes

Behavioral Processes is process of physiological and psychological behavior, like breathing, dreaming, snoring, smiling, hiccupping, looking, listening, watching, and pondering. Halliday describes this process semantically as a ―half-way house‖ between mental and material process. It means that the meanings they realized are midway between materials on the one hand and mental on the other. They are in part about action that has to be experienced by a conscious being. Universitas Sumatera Utara 39 There is one obligatory participant: the behaver and it is typically a conscious being like a senser in the mental process clause. But, the process is one of doing, not sensing, such as She lives in a big city Behaver Behavioural process Circumstances: place Behavioural process often occur with circumstantial elements, particularly of manner and cause. He coughed loudly Behaver Behavioural process Circumstance: manner Behavioural process may contain a second participant that is called as behavior. He laughed at me He laughed at me Behaver Behavioural process Behavior

6. Existential Processes

Existential process is process of existence. It represents that something exist or happens. It also represents experience by positing that ―There was is something.‖ There Is a gateway in the garden Existential process Existent Circ: place Universitas Sumatera Utara 40 There was snow on the roof Existential process Existent Circ: place on the wall there hung a picture of me Circ: place Existential process Behavior there were two of us Existential process Existent It is easy to identify the clause contains existential process, as the structure involves the use of the word There. ―There‖ has no representational function, it has no representational meaning: it does not refer to a location. There is only one reason There is only one reason Pr: Existential Existent There is a woman in front my house There is a woman in front of my house Pr: Existential Existent Circ.loc: place

2.4 The Elements of Transitivity Processes