20. Research to Support Conservation in the Tropical Forest of Kalimantan
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EXT 2 “Research to Support Conservation in the Tropical Forest of Kalimantan”
Rebecca E. Armson
The health of individuals and the health of ecosystems are inextricably linked. Thus understanding the factors afecting the health and survival of individuals is
an important component of determining the underlying health and resilience of the environment The health of both individuals and ecosystems are dependent on
homeostasis: the balancing, through continuous interaction and feedback, of the myriad dynamic processes that comprise the integrated system. Various internal
and external stressors can have profound adverse efects on system health and the ability to militate against these is dependent on our understanding not just of the
nature of these stressors but also on how they interact with the systems as a whole.
One key component in the health of individuals, species and ecosystems are the parasites. On an individual level parasites can exert an enormous stress on health
and viability, draining away valuable energy gained from hard-earned foodstufs and adversely afecting many vital systems from immunity to other infections to
reproductive success. This is of particular importance with orangutans which are already at the upper range of viability with respect to the size-energy continuum
able to be supported by their tropical rainforest habitat. This makes orangutans an important indicator species as they are very quick to feel the efects of ecosystem
disruption that would take longer to become apparent in less susceptible species.
The debilitating efects of parasites are exacerbated in populations under stress and those with small population size and low genetic diversity. Whilst orangutans
do sufer from small, and rapidly declining, population sizes, their genetic diversity is only beginning to be studied. Recent work has uncovered some of the extent of
genetic diversity in the two orangutan species but much more work needs to be done in order to understand the full range and unravel population structures and
geographic variation in order to inform conservation eforts.
The importance of host-parasite interactions in shaping ecosystems and individual species is shown by the profound efect on the evolution of both hosts and
parasites. The evolutionary “arms race” between parasites and their hosts is an important driver in the evolution of both and understanding their recent evolution
will deepen our understanding of population structure and potential future responses as well as extinction risk.
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On the ecosystem level parasites are important and ubiquitous players. Studying parasite dynamics, species composition and richness gives a great deal of
information not only about the state and health of an ecosystem but of its trajectory. Thus gathering long term data on parasites in numerous sites allows
both longitudinal and horizontal comparisons, meaning we can determine the status of ecosystems both spatially and temporally and so detect improvements
or threats in particular regions of the whole ecosystem as well as systemic threats to the whole. The long term data garnered will also be of great use in determining
the efects of long-term ecosystem changes such as climate change to orangutans and their environment.
E.20.1. Ms. Rebecca E. Armson
Warga Negara Nationality : Inggris Jabatan Position
: Research Intern Institusi Institution
: OuTrop Email email
: rebecca.armoson05imperial.ac.uk Alamat Address
: 574 Kedleston Road, Derby, DE22 2NH. UK
E.21. Spatial patterns of ishing grounds distribution in Spermonde Archipelago, Indonesia
Tujuan Penelitian
: Mempelajari penyebaran ikan di kepulauan Spermonde untuk pembuatan peta penggunaan
kekayaan alam Bidang Penelitian
: Ekologi laut Lama Penelitian
: 6 enam bulan, mulai 27 Oktober 2014month, starting from
Daerah Penelitian : Sulawesi Selatan Kep. Spermonde, Makassar
Mitra Kerja : Universitas Hasanudin Prof. Budimawan, DEA
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NEW1 Spatial patterns of ishing grounds distribution in Spermonde Archipelago,
Indonesia Gabriela Navarrete Forero
The Spermonde Archipelago is located of the coast of Makassar, the capital city of southern Sulawesi province, in Indonesia. It comprises around 80 small islands
and submerged platform reefs and extends 40 - 60 km ofshore Ferse et al, 2012a. The area supports one of the largest reef isheries of Indonesia, where an estimated
6,500 ishing households and 30,000 people inhabit the 24 main islands Pet- Soede etal, 2001. The principal products of this industry are live and dry food ish,
sea cucumbers and ornamental corals, with increasing demand by international markets. Some of the catching methods used, such as blast and cyanide ishing,
have destructive efects on the ecosystem and represent a risk to humans’ health Ferse et al, 2012c. Fishing practices are under regulation from governmental and
informal institutions Deswandi, 2012, but control is specially limited in remote areas Pet-Soede Erdmann, 1998. Therefore, the resource use pressure is not
equally distributed throughout the area.
The anthropogenic pressure in Spermonde has caused a widespread degradation of the coral reefs Ferse et al, 2012c. For instance, a comparative study found
symptoms of growth overishing because catches per unit efort CPUE are four times lower and ishes are signiicantly smaller in Spermonde than in a marine
protected area in Komodo coast; however, ishermen in Spermonde may not perceive those facts because the ish sizes, biomass and density are similar
throughout the Archipelago Pet-Soede et al, 2001. Other stressing factors are the pollution generated in Makassar urban area, the islands population growth and the
previously mentioned use of destructive ishing methods Ferse et al, 2012c. It is also important to mention the role of natural variations in resource availability due
to the monsoon luctuations. In this context, the spatial distribution of resources and stressing factors plays an essential role in understanding the isheries dynamics and
its efects on the reef ecosystem, as well as in developing conservation strategies towards a sustainable management.
The aim of this study is to identify the main patterns of ishing grounds distribution in the archipelago, in order to elaborate a thematic map of resources use.
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E.21.1. Ms. Gabriela Navarrete Forero
Warga Negara Nationality : Ekuador Jabatan Position
: MSc-Student of International Studies in Aquatic Tropical Ecology ISATEC
Institusi Institution : Leibniz Center for Tropical Marine Ecology
Bremen University Email email
: nfgabrielithotmail.com Alamat Address
: Luisental 28. Ap 3260 28359 BremenGermany
E.22. Orangutan costs of motherhood: Estimating weaning using stable isotopic analysis
Tujuan Penelitian : Menghitung biaya keibuan di Borneo orangutan
Pongo pygmaeus wurmbii di hutan rawa gambut Bidang Penelitian
: Ekologi Lama Penelitian
: 12 dua belas bulan, mulai 27 Oktober 2014 month, starting from
Daerah Penelitian : Kalimantan Tengah Stasium Penelitian Orang
Utan Tuanan Mitra Kerja
: Universitas National Jakarta Drs. Imran S. L. Tobing, Msi
Orangutan costs of motherhood: Estimating weaning using stable isotopic analysis
Investigating energetics of an organism can elucidate information regarding their life history and provide valuable information on aspects regarding growth,
activity, maintenance, and reproduction. While energetic studies in primates have been conducted for several decades, there are still few studies investigating the
energetics of orangutans. Orangutans exhibit a combination of characteristics that separate them from other apes, including solitary foraging, building fat reserves
during periods of fruit abundance, a wide-ranging diet, and an extremely long interbirth interval. These characteristics make the potential cost of motherhood
great.
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Due to their low productivity, the peat-swamp forests of Central Kalimantan are challenging environments for large, arboreal frugivores like the orangutan. For
adult female orangutans with dependent ofspring, obtaining enough energy to support lactation is expected to be diicult, particularly during periods of low
fruit availability. However, little is known about the energetic and nutritional costs incurred during motherhood. Weaning is a contentious time period for both
mother and infant during which parent-ofspring conlict peaks as both individuals aim to maximize energy balance.
This project aims to quantify the costs of motherhood in Bornean orangutans Pongo pygmaeus wurmbii in a peat-swamp forest, speciically using nitrogen
stable isotopes to determine a more precise age of weaning. Nitrogen stable isotopes show the trophic level shift from complete nursing to complete solid food
intake, providing an excellent metric for weaning occurrence. For this project, I will look at foraging behavior, conduct macronutrient analyses on observed orangutan
food items, and collect urine for measurements of nitrogen stable isotopes. By combining these types of methods, I will be able to quantify when weaning
speciically occurs. Research is going to take place at Tuanan Research Station, MAWAS Reserve, Central Kalimantan, Indonesia and is part of a larger project run
by Timothy Bransford.
E.22.1. Mr. Rumaan Malhotra
Warga Negara Nationality : India Jabatan Position
: Student Institusi Institution
: Rutgers University Email email
: ruu.malgmail.com Alamat Address
: 410 Elden Drive. Atlanta GA, 30342. United States
E.23. Migrant trajectories in a changing climate – evidence from Ghana and Indonesia
Tujuan Penelitian
: Mempelajari lintasan migrasi dan kaitannya dengan perubahan iklim
Bidang Penelitian : Ekologi
Lama Penelitian : 12 dua belas bulan, mulai 5 November 2014
month, starting from
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Daerah Penelitian : Jawa Tengah Semarang
Mitra Kerja : Fakultas Geograi, Universitas Gajah Mada Prof.
Dr.rer.nat Muh Aris Marfai, M.Sc
Migrant trajectories in a changing climate - evidence from Ghana and Indonesia
Coastal regions are focal points of social and ecological change. They are traditionally destinations of regional migratory movements as well as gateways
for and to international migration networks, and they often function as central nodes of transfer in larger migration regimes. At the same time, coasts around
the globe are continuously undergoing morphological and ecological change on diferent spatial and temporal scales through, among others, geomorphological,
oceanographic and climatic factors.
The interplay of changing environmental conditions and dynamic migration systems in coastal regions sets the stage for my research on the nexus of
environmental change and migration. Migration is thereby conceptualized as a complex and dynamic process. Given the rising uncertainty about how
environmental changes and migratory movements are connected, my research project focuses on underexplored links between those phenomena as well as on
the broader consequences of migration for the formation of regions. The project is based on two case studies in coastal regions: the districts of Keta Ghana and
Semarang Indonesia.
The underlying hypothesis of my project is that regional adaptation strategies to rapid environmental change - including migratory movements - are embedded
in and contribute to the transformation of what we call ‘regional formations’. The irst ield research in Indonesia in November and December 2014 will focus on
migration research in Semarang. The leading research questions are: What are current migrant trajectories in Semarang and the region? How dodid migrant
trajectories in Semarang change due to climate induced environmental change? Is there any relationship between the two? Who are the individual and institutional
formal and informal actors in migration trajectories in Semarang? How are migrant trajectories from Semarang embedded in the regional migration regime? How is
environmentalclimate change perceived? What are the dominating discourses?
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