Related Research Studies REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

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CHAPTER III REASEARCH METHOD

A. Type of Research

This study is conducted through action research. Carmen in Burns 2010: 5 states that action research is a reflective process that aims to solve particular teaching-learning problem that has been identified. It is also used to measure how effective the method used in helping students learns the materials. One of the main aims of action research is to identify a ‗problematic‘ situation or issue that the participants – who may include teachers, students, managers, administrators, or even parents – consider worth looking into more deeply and systematically Burns, 2010: 2. As stated at the above paragraph that one of the main aims is to identify ‗problematic‘ situations or issues, when the researcher identifies the teacher‘s ways of teaching or methods, it does not mean being negative about the way of teaching. Again, the term problematic does not mean that the teacher is an incompetent teacher. The point is that, as a teacher, the researcher often sees gaps between what is actually happening in hisher teaching situation and what heshe would ideally like to see happening. It comes to the assumption that the failure of learners in learning the target language is the effect of the failure of the teacher in presenting the materials. Therefore, the teacher in this case must do a kind of self-evaluation in order to find out the solution for it. This is as what Burns 2010:2 says that action 41 research involves taking a self-reflective, critical, and systematic approach to exploring your own teaching context. According to Burns 2010: 2, the central idea of the action part of action research is to intervene in a deliberate way in the problematic situation in order to bring about changes and, even improvements in practice. Importantly, the improvements that happen in action research are ones based on information that the researcher collects systematically. In other words, the improvements are not just based on the researcher‘s assumption but they are based on the data or information collected by the researcher. There are typically four broad phases in a cycle of action research, Kemmis an Taggart in Burns, 2010: 7. They are plan, action, observe, and reflect. The first cycle may become a continuing, or iterative, spiral of cycles, which reoccur until the action researcher has achieved a satisfactory outcome and feels it is time to stop. This model of action research has often been illustrated through the diagram in Picture.1 to show its iterative or recursive nature. Cycle 1  Cycle 2  Picture 1: Cyclical AR model based on Kemmis and McTaggart 1998