46 make it possible for the new discoveries or interpretations as well as noting
down questions and thoughts that occur behind surface descriptions. 5.
Reporting the outcomes The last stage of data analysis process was presenting an account of
research for others. In general, the report includes the original issue or questions underlying the study, describing the research context, outlining the
finding supported with the sample data, relate the finding and the context, and suggesting how the project has been fed back into practice so that it could lead
to other areas for research.
F. Validity and Reliability
Burns 1999: 161-162, states that there are five validity criteria that can ensure data validity of action research. The five validity criteria were
discussed below. 1.
Democratic validity Burns 1999: 161-162 states that democratic validity is related to
stakeholders‘ chances to give their opinion, idea, and comment about the implication of the action research. In order to get democratic validity, the
researcher interviewed English teachers, and students of SMP N 1 Mlati. In the interview, the researcher got the information after they expressed their
ideas, opinion and attitudes toward the problems faced by the students of SMP N 1 Mlati. The interviews were conducted during the research ran.
47 2.
Outcome validity
Outcome validity was related to the result of the actions that was successful within the research context. In this research the outcome validity
were related to the improvement of students‘ reading comprehension under the use of schema activation strategy.
3.
Process validity
In relation to process validity, the researcher, her colleague, and the English teacher observed the process in implementing the schema activation
strategy. After that, they conducted a discussion. Through observation sheets, field notes, and interviewing the students, they were able to determine
whether the process in implementing the action was successful or not. If the action was unsuccessful in solving the problems, the researcher with the
collaborators revised the action and used it in the next cycle. 4.
Catalytic validity
The researcher got the catalytic validity through the cycle of the action plans, implementation and its observation, and reflection that were done at
grade eight students of SMP N 1 Mlati. Catalytic validity is related to the teacher‘s understanding about the factors which obstructs facilitate the
teaching and learning of reading. In this research, the reseracher identified the students‘ behavior changes occuring during and after the actions done.
5.
Dialogic validity
Dialogic validity means that the stakeholders can participate in the process of the research Burns, 1999: 162. Dialogic validity was done by
48 doing dialogue among the researcher, the English teacher, and the students to
improve the next actions. The dialogic validity was used to look for the success and weakness in the research.
In checking the validity and reliability of the data, the researcher used triangulation. The aim of triangulation was to gather multiple perspectives on
the situation being studied. In this study, the researcher used time triangulation, space triangulation, and investigator triangulation.
a. Time triangulation: it is used to check the validity of the data which is
related to the changes of the processes and behaviors. That is why the implementation of the action is not only done in one cycle as the
processes and the students‘ behaviors may change from time to time. b.
Space triangulation: the researcher had invited the students, the English teacher, and her colleague as collaborator to participate in this
study in order to ensure that the data were collected across different subgroups of people.
c. Investigator triangulation: three observers were involved in this
research. Those were the researcher herself, her colleague and the English teacher as the collaborators. This helped to avoid observer bias
and provided checks on the reliability of the observations.
G. Research Procedures
To carry out the study, the researcher used the action research procedures suggested by Burns 1999: 161-162. The procedures consisted of
the following steps.
