b. Teaching
Teaching cannot be defined apart from learning. Teaching refers to the process of imparting knowledge and skills from a teacher to a learner. It is guiding
and facilitating learning, enabling learners to learn and setting the conditions for learning. It encompasses the activities of educating or instructing. It is an act or
experience that has a formative effect on the mind, character or physical ability of an individual.
Language teaching has been described in terms of what teachers do: that is, in terms of actions and behaviors which teachers carry out in the classroom and
the effect of these on learners. Systematic approach to teaching can enhance the improvement of education. According to Jacobsen in Methods for Teaching
2009: 24 there are three phases to teaching. These three phases are sequential and interrelated. They are: a planning, all teaching begins with planning, in
which a teacher tries to answer what learners know, understand, appreciate, and be able to do. The answers are the teacher’s goal, and the first step in the planning
phase is the establishment of some kind of goal. This goal may be as mundane as teaching history or math facts or as lofty as developing learners’ moral or spiritual
values. Whatever the intent, the establishment of some type of goal or purpose is a first priority in teaching.
Phase of planning consists of selecting an instructional strategy, organizing learning activities, and gathering supporting materials. Teachers can begin
creating an environment of respect and rapport. They also determine who should be included in the learning and teaching process such as family members, friends,
or other support person. To anticipate some clashes, teachers have to prepare anticipatory guidance focusing on psychologically preparing learners for an
unfamiliar or painful event. b Implementing, the teacher has to prepare teaching procedure, or
strategy, used. In addition to considering a teaching strategy to reach a predetermined goal, teachers must also organize and manage their classrooms so
that learning can proceed smoothly. Management ranges from something as simple as a verbal reminder to a learner to pay attention to the creation of a
complex set of rules and procedures to create productive learning environments. c Assessing, in this phase, the teacher attempts to gather information to
determine if and what kind of learning has occurred. The teacher assesses the learners’ understanding through the use of different measurement instruments.
Assessment is an important aspect to measure the achievement of goal.
c. English Learning and Teaching
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