Furthermore, Harmer 2007, stated that using of English as a medium of instruction is to create an English environment or situation to encourage learning
atmosphere especially in countries where English is not the first, or the second language. He also added that the instruction in the classroom has an important role
since it becomes the first and the primary comprehensible input in the classroom.
2. Learning and Teaching
In learning and teaching process, interaction is one of the factors that influences the acquisition of language. The New Oxford Dictionary of English
2011:232 defines the noun ‘interaction’ as a ‘have an effect on each other and also as a reciprocal action or influence’. Therefore, interaction is not merely
action followed by reaction, but also acting reciprocally or acting upon each other. Interaction is substantive or the core of communication. It is needed in
communication because it is the collaborative exchange of thoughts, feelings, or ideas between two or more people resulting in a reciprocal effect on each other.
Interaction is a key point of communication and it is what communication is all about Brown, 2001:165.
a. Learning
Since his existence, human being is identical with the process of learning. It would be hard to imagine the existence of this world up to this point if the word
‘learning’ did not occur within existence. As B.R Hergenhahn and Matther H. Olson states “No organism would survive long if it did not learn which
environmental object could be used to satisfy basic needs” 1993:10
According to Kimble 1961 in Hergenhahan, B.R and Olson, M.H 1993:6-7 “Learning is a relatively permanent change in behavior or in
behavioral potentiality that result from experience and cannot be attributed to temporary body states such as those induced by illness, fatigue, or drugs”.
Learning process cannot be studied directly. Instead, its nature can only be inferred from changes behavior. Therefore, learning is something which occurs as
the result of certain experiences and precedes changes in behavior as the result of learning. Similarly, Brown 2000:7 defines “Learning is acquisition or ‘getting’
retention of information or skill, storage system, memory, cognitive organization, active, conscious focus on and acting upon events outside or inside the organism,
relatively permanent but subject to forgetting, practice, perhaps reinforced practice, a change of behavior”.
Harmer 2007:47 defines learning is a conscious process where separate items from language are studied and practiced in turn. Learning should be directed
towards the perceptible world of the senses and experience, not inwards towards words and their logical or stylistic properties A.P.R. Howatt and H.G.
Widdowson, 2004. Based on the theories of Brown 2001, there are five characteristics of learning: a. behavior, b. relatively permanent, c. potential, d.
experience and practice and e. reinforced. In a process of gaining the target language, learners need to build the
motivation and good strategies to reach the goal of mastering the four skills. The process of gaining new language needs a long time because learners have to
transfer and memorize all the language knowledge into their storage systems then
practice the language as the manifestation of mastering the four skills. Moreover, learning is a process of change from not knowing. Camourne 1990 quoted by
Sugirin 2003:7 asserts learning is a process of making connection, identifying patterns organizing previously unrelated bits of knowledge, behavior, and
activities into new patterned wholes. Learning a language means learning to communicate in that language as a target language.
According to Harmer 2007: 51-53 there are three elements for successful language learning, namely: engage meant that language is learnt much better if
both mind and heart are brought into the service. When language learners are properly engaged, their involvement in the study and activation stages is likely to
be far more pronounced, and, as a result, the benefit they get from these will be considerably greater.
The second one is study meant that activities are those where the learners are asked to focus on the construction of something. Study activities can range
from the focus on and practice of a single sound, examination and practice of a verb tense to the study of a transcript of informal speech.
The last is active that describes exercises and activities which are designed to get learners using language as freely and communicatively as they can. The
objective in an activate activity is for them to use all and any language which may be appropriate for a given situation or topic. In this way, learners get a chance to
try out real language use with little or no restriction – a king of rehearsal for the real world.
b. Teaching
