10 their exercises, and teacher’s manual book which involve speaking activities to be
used by the teacher in teaching English to fourth graders of SD Negeri Turi 1 Sleman. The instructional materials of this research consist of utterances usually
used in students’ daily communication to increase their speaking skill. Moreover, the instructional materials of this research are based on students’ needs which are
accommodated in some interesting topics for the students.
2. Speaking
Harmer 2001 says that speaking is the ability to process information and language ‘on the spot’ p. 269. The phrase ‘on the spot’ means the situation
where the speaking itself is done in a certain place between a speaker and an addressee. Meanwhile, Luoma 2004 states that speaking is an activity where
people talk to each other about things that are interesting and relevant in the situation p. 20. What is meant by speaking in this research is an activity in
which students use English to talk to each other for a certain purpose. The purpose of their speaking is to communicate with others in order to do the exercises or task
in their English class. In other words, they use English to communicate to reach a certain goal which is to do the exercise or task. By using the target language itself
to communicate, they are hoped to comprehend English well.
3. Games
Games are the form of teaching and learning activities used in class. Hadfield 1987 says that game is an activity with rules, a goal, and an element of
fun p. 211. In 2006, Wright, Betteridge, and Buckby state that game is “an activity which is entertaining and engaging, and often challenging, and an activity
11 in which the learners play and usually interact with others p. 1.” In connection to
this study, games are defined as various playing activities with their goal and rules which provide opportunity to fourth graders of SD Negeri Turi 1 Sleman to
interact and speak in English in entertaining and challenging circumstances. The games are implemented as the teaching learning activity in class. The types of
games are suited with leaning goals and purposes.
4. Fourth Graders
The fourth graders are students who are in fourth level of a school. In this research, fourth graders are defined as students of SD Negeri Turi 1 Sleman who
are in the fourth year of their study. The fourth graders of SD Negeri Turi 1 Sleman learn English lesson as one of the local content lessons in their region,
Yogyakarta. English is introduced to them since their first level of elementary school. As a foreign language, English is taught once a week in their class. The
lack of opportunity to speak in English is given for them. They only use English in class and have no chance to practice it outside since English is not their mother
tongue. The students are in the average age of 9-10 years old. Therefore, they are categorized as young learners. The term young learners are addressed to them not
only because of their young age but also their short period of learning English.
5. SD Negeri Turi 1 Sleman
SD Negeri Turi 1 Sleman is the school in which the researcher conducted this research. It is located in Turi, Donokerto, Turi, Sleman, Yogyakarta. This
school consists of six classes. SD Negeri 1Turi Sleman introduces English to the students since the first year of their study. It is taught as a local content lesson.
