9 the materials toward students. The product of this research provides learning
materials and activities for students to actively participate in the learning process by using the target language itself. In addition, it also gives English teachers of
elementary school a simple example how to use games for teach speaking in class by facilitating students to use English, as the target language, to communicate
with others. They are also given guidelines how to apply the designed materials so that they will find it easy to apply them in class.
2. Fourth Graders of Elementary School
This research proposes the speaking instructional materials using games for fourth graders of SD Negeri Turi 1 Sleman to learn English effectively. The
instructional materials provide series of activities and topics which have been fit with the needs and interest of fourth graders of SD Negeri Turi 1 Sleman.
Students are presented an opportunity to use English, as the target language, to communicate with others. Various kinds of games will help students to create fun
and interesting circumstances in learning English as a foreign language. They can also apply them outside the class to give them more opportunities to use English.
F. Definition of Terms
Here are the definitions of the terms used in this research.
1. Instructional Material
Dick and Reiser 1989 state that instructional materials are the materials designed for teaching instruction p. 3. It this research, the term instructional
materials is defined as a set of units of material including speaking materials and
10 their exercises, and teacher’s manual book which involve speaking activities to be
used by the teacher in teaching English to fourth graders of SD Negeri Turi 1 Sleman. The instructional materials of this research consist of utterances usually
used in students’ daily communication to increase their speaking skill. Moreover, the instructional materials of this research are based on students’ needs which are
accommodated in some interesting topics for the students.
2. Speaking
Harmer 2001 says that speaking is the ability to process information and language ‘on the spot’ p. 269. The phrase ‘on the spot’ means the situation
where the speaking itself is done in a certain place between a speaker and an addressee. Meanwhile, Luoma 2004 states that speaking is an activity where
people talk to each other about things that are interesting and relevant in the situation p. 20. What is meant by speaking in this research is an activity in
which students use English to talk to each other for a certain purpose. The purpose of their speaking is to communicate with others in order to do the exercises or task
in their English class. In other words, they use English to communicate to reach a certain goal which is to do the exercise or task. By using the target language itself
to communicate, they are hoped to comprehend English well.
3. Games
Games are the form of teaching and learning activities used in class. Hadfield 1987 says that game is an activity with rules, a goal, and an element of
fun p. 211. In 2006, Wright, Betteridge, and Buckby state that game is “an activity which is entertaining and engaging, and often challenging, and an activity
