f. Reaction
The author gives a clue to the reader based on the reaction of the character to various situation and events in the story.
g. Direct comment The author can describe or comment a character in a novel directly. The
author can give his or her personal comment to the characters he or she creates directly.
h. Thought The author can give the readers direct knowledge of what a character is
thinking about. With this clue, the author wants to give a description of a character for the readers through the character’s mind. By knowing the
character’s thoughts and minds, the readers can learn his or her characteristics. i.
Mannerism The author can describe a character’s mannerism, idiosyncrasies and
habits. It can lead the readers learn the person’s characteristics. This study focuses on analyzing Anne’s personality traits. Therefore, this
study applies the theory of personality in order to find out about the personality traits of Anne.
3. Theory of Personality
Before discussing further about the theory of personality that deals with human psychology, it is important to know the definition of psychology first.
Guilfort says “psychology is a science of mental activities of organism” 18. It PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
means that psychology focuses on the mind, the mental, and the thought of organisms. In this study, organism belongs to human. As we know, human is a
unique organism. He is gifted with mind, feeling, free will, ambition, emotion, and also personality.
C.G Jung says “psychological mode works with material drawn from man’s conscious life with crucial experiences, powerful emotions, suffering
passion, and the stuff of human fate in general” 89. Based on the statement above, personality of a character can be seen through his or her actions,
experiences he or she has, and how he or she faces problems and resolves it. To analyze personality, Sigmund Freud 379-380 proposes
psychoanalytic theory. It focuses on emotion and unconscious mental processes. In psychoanalytic theory, Freud states that personality is determined by three
major systems; id, ego, and superego. Each system has its own function, but three of them interact to govern behaviour.
According to Freud, Id is a basic structure of personality of human being. Id always seeks pleasure and avoids pain. Id is unconscious which means that
there is no contact with reality. The person only thinks about pleasure. Id leads someone to satisfy his basic needs such as self protection, sexual desire, and
hunger. The next is ego. This structure of personality follows the reality principle. Ego is partly conscious. It works based on the condition on how a person can stay
away from problems. The last personality structure is superego. It leads someone to his fully conscious actions. It gives him a sense of morality about right or
wrong. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
While Freud proposes three structures of personality, Costa and McCrae qtd. in Huffman et al 445-446 propose five-factor-theory. It is five major
dimensions of personality and well-known as OCEAN. It is a combination theory based on the research finding of modern traits and possible personality traits. O
means Openness to experience; individual who has this personality tends to be imaginative, creative, curious, open to new idea, and interested in cultural
pursuits. In contrast, a person who is not open to experience tends to be conventional, down to earth, inartistic, and narrower in their interest.
The next is C. C means Consciousness; a person with this personality tends to be responsible, well organized, careful, reliable, and hard working. In
contrast, individual who is low in consciousness tends to be irresponsible, careless, impulsive, undependable to other, lazy, and disorganized. Next, E means
Extroversion. Individuals with this personality are sociable, outgoing, talkative, fun loving, and affectionate. The opposite personality of extroversion is
introversion. An individual with introvert personality is quite, passive, withdrawn, reserved, and loner.
Furthermore, A means Agreeableness; a person who has this personality tends to be warm, good natured, gentle, cooperative, helpful, and trusting. On the
other hand, an individual who is low in agreeableness tends to be argumentative, ruthless, suspicious, uncooperative, vindictive and irritable. The last acronym is
N. N means Neuroticism. A person with this personality is emotionally unstable because he or she always feels insecure, anxiety, guilty, worry and moody. In
contrast, a person who low in neuroticism is emotionally stable. He or she tends to be calm, easy going, relaxed, and even-tempered.
4. Theory of Conflict
