Conflicts Review of Related Theories

14 believes, which is the basis of plot. There are two kinds of conflict, external and internal conflict. External conflict refers to a struggle between the protagonist and an outside force, while internal conflict refers to struggle within the heart and mind of the protagonist Redman 363. Redman suggests that we have to analyze the character’s attitude toward the problem and the situation in the story so that the conflict between the characters will be clearly identified Redman viii. The problem in the story is often followed by some actions of the characters. The characters’ reaction toward the problem will indicate that conflicts are happening. Conflicts are resolved when the character succeeds or fails in defeating the opposing force. In Understanding Social Psychology Worchel and Cooper define conflicts into interpersonal and intrapersonal conflicts. Interpersonal conflict is a conflict between two or more persons Worchel and Cooper 462. While intrapersonal conflict is a conflict experienced by an individual when she is making a choice between two or more alternatives Worchel and Cooper 458. Lewin and Miller states that intrapersonal conflict can be classified into four types. They are approach- approach, avoidance-avoidance, approach-avoidance, and double approach- avoidance conflicts qtd. in Worchel and Cooper 461. The approach-approach conflict is the simplest type of intrapersonal conflict. It happens when the individual is motivated to approach two positive goals but can attain only one. For example, a child has to choose between toys or candies. Both of them are his favorite but he can only own one of them. The avoidance-avoidance conflict is a conflict which occurs when the individual must choose between two equally unattractive goals. For example, a PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI 15 worker who must decide to continue the job that he does not like or loose the income to support his family. The approach-avoidance conflict is a conflict which involves only one goal which has both attractive and unattractive qualities associa ted with it. The individual’s own desire to both obtain the goal and escape from it traps him in conflict. For example, a boy who has been taught by his parents not to smoke, but his friends are smokers and they influence him to smoke, he experiences the conflict whether to follow his friends or not. The double approach-avoidance conflict is a conflict which involves a person in choosing between two goals, each of which has positive and negative aspects. For example, a college student has to choose whether to focus on the study or to have a side-job while finishing the study. In this case, the first goal is focusing on the study. The positive aspect is she can finish the study in the college on time while the negative aspect is by the time she finishes the study, she does not have any job experiences. The second goal is having a side-job while finishing the study. The positive aspect is when she finishes the study in the college she has already got job experiences which can support herhis career later on. The negative aspect is she might finish the study late since she has to divide the time to work and to study at the same time. In this study, the main character mostly experiences approach-avoidance and double approach-avoidance conflicts since he always has one or two goals which include both positive and negative aspects in it. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI 16

5. Family

This part presents the definition of family, kinds of family and conflicts in family.

a. Definition of Family

Family is a very well-known term among people. However, finding the precise definition of family is not easy. According to Cheal’s Sociology of Family Life, family is any group which consists of people in intimate relationships which are believed to endure over time and across generations Cheal 4. Flandrin states that the definition of family is relative to the social and cultural environments of people who think about families and who talk about families, as they go about their daily lives qtd. in Cheal 4. People can define what family is based on their own perception since everyone must have different point of view. In Communication in Family Relationship, Fitzpatrick and Noller offer three approaches to help defining the family. The first is family structure approach, which uses biological and legal connections to define family. In this approach, shared genetics, marriage, adoption and shared house can connect the family members Fitzpatrick and Noller 2. The second is psychosocial task approach. This approach focuses on the description of family function and the fulfillment of certain tasks in family life. The certain tasks are, for example, mutual need fulfillment, nurturance and children development through the role of the parents in the family Fitzpatrick and Noller 5. The third is transactional process approach, which focuses on the intimacy of the family and how the members of the family interact to each other Fitzpatrick and Noller 6. Using PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI 17 this approach, Reiss and Wamboltd define family as a group of intimates who generate a sense of home and group identity, complete with strong ties of loyalty and emotion, and an experience of history and a future Fitzpatrick and Noller 6. b. Kinds of Family