Objectives of the study Problem formulation

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2.1.1 Theory of Character

Character is one of the most important elements in the literary works. According to Stanton 1965, “character is a person who does the action in a story” p.17. Furthermore, Abrams 1981 explains that a character is “an individual who exists in a dramatic or narrative work and heshe has moral dispositional qualities that can be seen from hisher dialogue and action; dialogue and action have important roles in understanding the characters” p. 20. Milligan 1983, p. 155 states that there are two kinds of character in the fictional story: major character and minor character. A major character is the most important character in a literary work. Heshe plays a very important role because everything heshe does becomes the content of the story. A major character becomes the centre of the story because he endures problems, conflict, happiness, sorrow, etc. from hisher actions; through which the readers know the author’s message of the story. The minor characters are characters that play less important role than major character does. Their appearance supports the main character to develop the story so that they appear only in a certain setting. They do not endure the problem of the story.

2.1.2 Methods of Characterization

Characterization is the way the author characterize the characters. Characterization plays an important role in building the idea of a story. Rohrberger 11 and Woods Jr. 1971, p. 20 in Reading and Writing about Novel define characterization as the process by which an author creates character, it is the device that heshe makes the readers to believe a character in the particular type of person heshe is. An author does this way to make a stereotype of someone existing in a real world situation comes real during the reading. According to Murphy 1972, p. 161 -173, there are nine methods in which the readers can understand the character. The first method is related to personal description. Personal description related to the description about what the characters are like. It tells the readers the details of the characters’ appearance such as the face, skin complexion, eyes, hair, and the clothing. The second method is about how a character is seen by the other characters. Instead of describing the character directly, the author can describe a character through the eyes and opinions of other characters in the story. Through this way the readers are able to grasp a character’s personality and appearance which can also determine a character’s characteristics. The third method is related to speech. Some information and clues about a character can also be revealed through the character’s speech. The readers will be able to grasp the characteristics of a character through the way heshe speaks. The fourth method is linked to the past life. Another way to describe a character is by giving some information about a character’s past life. A character’s past life will affect how shehe behaves in herhis present life. Moreover, a character’s past life can change hisher personality. The author may give this information directly by