Data Analysis The Result of Interview
Student 2:
Item Number
Identification of Errors
Classification of Errors
Description Explanation
Correction Cause of
Errors
1 She can sing
like a Bruno Mars if she
never practices it.
Omission Can should be
replaced by Can not
She can not sing like a
Bruno Mars if she never
practices it. Interlingual
3 l’m sure you
can not get high score if
you study hard
Misformation Can not
should be replaced by
Can
l’m sure you can get
high score if you study
hard
Intralingual
4 She could
read arabic when she was
a little girl Misformation
Could should be replaced by
Could not
She could not read
arabic when she was a
little girl Intralingual
8 When l lived
at grandmother’
s house l can eat food
whenever l wanted to
Misformation Can should be
replaced by Could not
When l lived at
grandmothe r’s house l
could not eat food
whenever l wanted to
Intralingual
10 According to
television , it could rain this
morning
Misformation Could should
be replaced by Can
According to television
, it can rain thismorning
Intralingual
13 I dont have
enough money. So l
can go on picnic with
them
Misformation Can should be
replaced by Can not
I dont have enough
money. So l can go on
picnic with them
Intralingual
Item Number
Identification of Errors
Classification of Errors
Description Explanation
Correction Cause of
Errors
16 Hani could
sing a song when she was
young Misformation
Could should be replaced by
Could not
Hani could sing a song
when she was young
Intralingual
18 Can l eat in
this room?
Misformation Can should be
replaced by Could
Could l eat in this
room? Intralingual
20 Could you
help me with my
homework Misformation
Could should be replaced by
Can Canyou
help me with my
homework Intralingual
TOTAL 9
Student 3: Item
Number Identification
of Errors
Classification of Errors
Description Explanation Correction
Cause of Errors
2 Andi’s sister
can talk when she was two
years old Misformation
Can should be replaced
by Could not
Andi’s sister could
not talk when she
was two years old
Intralingual
4 She can not
read arabic when she was
a little girl Misformation
Can not should be
replaced by Could not
She could not read
arabic when she was a
little girl
Intralingual
Item Number
Identification of Errors
Classification of Errors
Description Explanation Correction
Cause of Errors
5 My sister
could not sing very well
because she took singer
course Addition
Could not should be
replaced by Can
My sister can sing
very well because she
took singer course
Context of learning
8 When l lived
at grand mother’s
house l can eat food
whenever l wanted to.
Omission Can should
be replaced by Could not
When l lived at
grand mother’s
house l could not
eat food whenever l
wanted to.
Context of learning
9 Could you tell
me what time is it? please
Misformation Could
should be replaced by
Can
Can you tell me
what time is it?
please Intralingual
13 I don’t have
enough money so l
can go on picnic with
them.
Misformation Can should
be replaced by Can not
I don’t have enough
money so l can not go
on picnic with them.
Intralingual
16 Hani can not
sing a song when she was
young Misformation
Can not should be
replaced by Could not
Hani could not sing a
song when she was
young
Intralingual
Item Number
Identification of Errors
Classification of Errors
Description Explanation Correction
Cause of Errors
17 Sorrry, l’m
bussy today . but l could
help you tommorow
Misformation Could
should be replaced by
Can
Sorrry, l’m bussy today
but l can help you
tommorow
Intralingual
19 You can not
smoke here , but you could
smoke in the garden
Misformation Could
should be replaced by
Can
You can not smoke
here , but you can
smoke in the garden
Intralingual
20 Could you
help me with my my
homework Misformation
Could should be
replaced by Can
Can you help me
with my my homework
Intralingual
Total 10
Student 4 :
Item Number
Identification of Errors
Classification of Errors
Description
Explanation Correction Cause of
Errors
1 She could
sing like an Bruno mars if
she never practice it
Misformation Could
should be replaced by
Can not She can not
sing like an Bruno mars
if she never practice it
Intralingual
2 Andi’s sister
can talk when she was two
years old Omission
Can should be replaced
by Could not Andi’s
sister could not talk
when she was two
years old Interlingual
Item Number
Identification of Errors
Classification of Errors
Description Explanation Correction
Cause of Errors
5 My sister
could sing very well
because she took a singer
course Misformation
Could should be
replaced by Can
My sister can sing
very well because she
took a singer
course
Intralingual
6 My brothers
can speaks English and
rusian when they in Senior
High school. Misformation
Can should be replaced
by Could My
brothers could
speaks English and
rusian when they in
Senior High school.
Intralingual
9 Could you tell
me what time is it? please.
Misformation Could
should be replaced by
Can Can you
tell me what time
is it? please.
Intralingual
11 When my
mother was younger she
can sing beatifully
Misformation Can should
be replaced by Could
When my mother was
younger she could sing
beatifully Intralingual
14 She could
sing beautifully
Misformation Could
should be replaced by
Can She can
sing beautifully
Intralingual
15 Could you
please pass the salt?
Misformation Could
should be replaced by
Can Can you
please pass the salt?
Intralingual
Item Number
Identification of Errors
Classification of Errors
Description
Explanation Correction Cause of
Errors 16
Hani can not Misformation Can not
Hani could Intralingual
sing a song when she was
young should be
replaced by Could not
not sing a song when
she was young
18 Can l eat in
this room? Misformation
Can should be replaced
by Could Could l eat
in this room?
Intralingual
19 You can not
smoke here, but you could
not smoke in the garden
Misordering Can not
should be replaced by
Can You can
not smoke here, but
you can smoke in
the garden Context of
learning
Total 11
Student 5: Item
Number Identification
of Errors
Classification of Errors
Description
Explanation Correction Cause of
Errors
3 I’m sure you
could not get high score if
you study hard
misordering Could not
should be replaced by
Can I’m sure
you can not get high
score if you study hard
Context of learning
5 My sister
could sing very well
because she took a singer
course Misformation
Could not should be
replaced by Can
My sister can sing
very well because she
took a singer
course
Intralingual
Item Number
Identification of Errors
Classification of Errors
Description Explanation Correction
Cause of Errors
6 My brothers
could not speak english
and Rusian when they in
Senior High school
Misordering Could not
should be replaced by
Could My
brothers could speak
english and Rusian
when they in Senior
High school
Context of learning
8 When l lived
at grandmother’s
house l can eat food
whenever l wanted to.
Misordering Can should
be replaced by Could not
When l lived at
grandmothe r’s house l
could not eat food
whenever l wanted to.
Context of learning
12 When she was
young, she can play
guitar very well.
Misordering Can should
be replaced by Could not
When she was young,
she could not play
guitar very well.
Context of learning
15 Could you
please pass the salt?
Misordering Could
should be replaced by
Can Can you
please pass the salt?
Context of learning
16 Hani can not
sing a song when she was
young Misformation
Can not should be
replaced by Could not
Hani could not sing a
song when she was
young Intralingual
18 Can l eat in
this room? Misordering
Can should be replaced
by Could Can l eat in
this room? Context of
learning
Item Number
Identification of Errors
Classification of Errors
Description Explanation Correction
Cause of Errors
20 Could you
help me with my
homework? Misordering
Could not should be
replaced by Can
Can you help me
with my homework?
Context of learning
Total 9
Students 6: Item
Number Identification
of Errors Classification
of Errors Description
Explanation Correction
Cause of Errors
1 She could
sing like a Bruno Mars if
she never practices it.
Misordering Could should
be replaced by Can not
She can not sing like a
Bruno Mars if she
never practices it.
Context of learning
2 Andi’s sister
can talk when she was two
years old Misordering
Can should be replaced
by Could not Andi’s
sister could not talk
when she was two
years old Context of
learning
6 My brother’s
can speak English and
Rusian when they in senior
High School.
Misformation Can should
be replaced by Could
My brother’s
could speak
English and Rusian
when they in senior
High School.
Intralingual
Item Number
Identification of Errors
Classification of Errors
Description Explanation
Correction Cause of
Errors
9 Could not you
tell me what time is it ?
please Misordering
Could not should be
replaced by Can
Can you tell me
what time is it ?
please Context of
learning
11 When mother
was younger she can sing
beautifully Misformation
Can should be replaced
by Could When
mother was younger
she could sing
beautifully Intralingual
12 when she was
younger , she can sing
beautifully Misformation
Can should be replaced
by Could not when she
was younger ,
she could not sing
beautifully Intralingual
14 she could not
sing beautifully
Misordering Could not
should be replaced by
Can she can
sing beautifully
Context of learning
16 Hani can sing
a song when she was
young Misordering
Can should be replaced
by Could not Hani could
not sing a song when
she was young
Context of learning
19 You can not
smoke here , but you could
not smoke in the gardern
Misordering Can not
should be replaced by
Can You can
not smoke here , but
you can smoke in
the gardern Context of
learning
20 Could not you
help me with my
homework? Misordering
Could not should be
replaced by Can
Can you help me
with my homework?
Contect of learning
Total 10
Student 7: Item
Number Identification
of Errors
Classificatio n of Errors
Description
Explanation Correction
Cause of Errors
1 She can sing
like a Bruno Mars if she
never practices it.
Misformation Can should
be replaced by Can not
She can not sing like a
Bruno Mars if she
never practices it.
Intralingual
3 I’m sure you
could not get high score if
you study hard Omission
Could not should be
replaced by Can
I’m sure you can get
high score if you
study hard Interlingual
5 My sister
could not sing very well
because she took a singer
course Addition
Could not should be
replaced by Can
My sister can sing
very well because
she took a singer
course Context of
learning
6 My brother’s
can speak English and
Rusian when they in Senior
high School
Misformation Can should
be replaced by Could
My brother’s
could speak
English and Rusian
when they in Senior
high School
Intralingual
9 Could you tell
me what time is it? please.
Misordering Could should
be replaced by Can
Can you tell me
what time is it?
please Context of
learning
Item Number
Identification of Errors
Classificatio n of Errors
Description
Explanation Correction
Cause of Errors
10 According to
television , it could not be
rain this morning
Addition Could not
should be replaced by
Can According
to television ,
it can rain this
morning Context of
learning l
13 I don’t have
enough money. So l
can go on picnic with
them
Misordering Can should
be replaced by can not
I don’t have
enough money. So
l can not go on picnic
with them
Context of learning
14 She could not
sing beatifully Addition
Could not should be
replaced by Can
She can sing
beautifully Context of
learning
16 Hani could
sing a song when she was
young Omission
Could should be replaced
by Could not Hani could
not sing a song when
she was young
Interlingual
18 Can not l eat
in this room? Addition
Can not should be
replaced by Could
Could l eat in this
room? Context of
learning
Total 10
Student 8: Item
Number Identification
of Errors
Classification of Errors
Description
Explanation Correction Cause of
Errors
2 Andi’s sister
can talk when she was two
years old. Omission
Can should be replaced
by Could not Andi’s
sister could not
talk when she was
two years old.
Interlingual
4 She could
read arabic when she was
a little girl Misordering
Could should be
replaced by Could not
She could not read
arabic when she
was a little girl
Context of learning
6 My brother’s
can speak English and
Rusian when they in Senior
high School
Misformation Can should
be replaced by Could
My brother’s
could speak
English and Rusian
when they in Senior
high School
Intralingual
7 My
grandfather can not walk
without any help last
Sunday Addition
Can not should be
replaced by Could
My grandfather
could walk without
any help last Sunday
Context of learning
10 According to
television , it could not
rain this morning
Addition Could not
should be replaced by
Can According
to television ,
it can rain this
morning
Context of learning
Item Number
Identification of Errors
Classification of Errors
Description Explanation Correction
Cause of Errors
11 When my
mother was younger she
Misformation Can should
be replaced by Could
When my mother was
younger Intralingual
can sing beatifully
she could sing
beatifully
12 when she was
young , she can play
guitar very well
Misformation Can should
be replaced by Could not
when she was
younger , she could
not play guitar very
well
Intralingual
15 Could you
please pass the salt?
Misformation Could should
be replaced by can
Can you please pass
the salt? Intralingual
17 Sorrry, l’m
bussy today . but l could
not help you tommorow
Omission Could not
should be replaced by
Can Sorrry, l’m
bussy today . but
l can help you
tommorow
Interlingual
19 You can not
smoke here , but you could
smoke in the gardern
Misformation Can not
should be replaced by
Can You can
not smoke here , but
you can smoke in
the gardern Intralingual
20 Can not you
help me with my
homework? Addition
Can not should be
replaced by Can
Can you help me
with my homework?
Context of learning
Total 11
Student 9: Item
Number Identification
of Errors
Classification of Errors
Description
Explanation Correction Cause of
Errors
2 Andi’s sister
could talk Misformation
Could should be replaced
Andi’s sister
Intralingual
when she was two years old.
by Could not could not talk when
she was two years
old.
3 I’m sure you
could get high score if
you study hard
Misfomation Could should
be replaced by Can
I’m sure you can get
high score if you
study hard Intralingual
5 My sister
could sing very well
because she took a singer
course Misformation
Could should be replaced
by Can My sister
can sing very well
because she took a
singer course
Intralingual
7 My
grandfather can walk
without any help last
Sunday Misformation
Can should be replaced
by Could My
grandfather could walk
without any help
last Sunday Intralingual
9 Could you tell
me what time is it? please.
Misformation Could should
be replaced by Can
Can you tell me
what time is it?
please. Intralingual
Item Number
Identification of Errors
Classification of Errors
Description Explanation Correction
Cause of Errors
10 According to
television , it could rain
this morning Misformation
Could should be replaced
by Can According
to television ,
it can rain this
morning Intralingual
11 When my
mother was younger she
can not sing beatifully
Addition Can not
should be replaced by
Could When my
mother was younger
she could sing
beatifully Context of
learning
12 when she was
young , she can not play
guitar very well
Misformation Can not
should be replaced by
Could not when she
was young , she could
not play guitar very
well Intralingual
16 Hani could
sing a song when she was
young Misformation
Could should be
replaced by Could not
Hani could not sing a
song when she was
young Intralingual
17 Sorrry, l’m
bussy today . but l can not
help you tommorow
Misordering Can not
should be replaced by
Can Sorrry, l’m
bussy today . but
l can help you
tommorow Context of
learning
Total 10
Student 10:
Item Number
Identification of Errors
Classification of Errors
Description Explanation Correction
Cause of Errors
1 She can sing
like a Bruno Mars if she
never practices it
Omission Can should
be replaced by Can not
She can not sing like a
Bruno Mars if she never
practices it Interlingual
2 Andi’s sister
could talk when she was
two years old. Omission
Could should be
replaced by Could not
Andi’s sister could not talk
when she was two years old.
Interlingual
4 She could
read arabic when she was
a little girl Omission
Could should be
replaced by Could not
She could not read arabic
when she was a little girl
Interlingual
6 My brother’s
can speak English and
Rusian when they in Senior
high School
Misformation Can should
be replaced by Could
My brother’s could speak
English and Rusian when
they in Senior high School
Intralingual
8 When l lived
at grandmother’s
house l can eat food
whenever l wanted to
Misformation Can should
be replaced by Could not
When l lived at
grandmother’s house l could
not eat food whenever l
wanted to
Intralingual
9 Could not
you tell me what time is
it? please. Addition
Could not should be
replaced by Can
Can not you tell me what
time is it? please.
Context of learning
Item Number
Identification of Errors
Classification of Errors
Description Explanation Correction
Cause of Errors
11 When my
mother was younger she
can sing beatifully
Misformation Can not
should be replaced by
Could When my
mother was younger she
could sing beatifully
Intralingual
13 I don’t have
enough money. So l
can go on picnic with
them
Omission Can should
be replaced by Can not
I don’t have enough
money. So l can not go on
picnic with them
Interlingual
17 Sorrry, l’m
bussy today . but l could not
help you tomorrow
Addition Could not
should be replaced by
Can Sorrry, l’m
bussy today . but l can help
you tomorrow Context of
learning
19 You can not
smoke here , but you could
not smoke in the gardern
Addition Could not
should be replaced by
Can You can not
smoke here , but you can
smoke in the gardern
Context of learning
Total 10
Student 11: Item
Number Identification
of Errors
Classification of Errors
Description
Explanation Correction Cause of
Errors
1 She can sing
like a Bruno Mars if she
never practices it
Omission Can should
be replaced by Can not
She can not sing like a
Bruno Mars if she never
practices it Interlingual
Item Number
Identification of Errors
Classification of Errors
Description Explanation Correction
Cause of Errors
4 She could
read arabic when she was
a little girl Omission
Could should be
replaced by Could not
She could not read arabic
when she was a little girl
Interlingual
6 My brother’s
can not speak English and
Rusian when they in Senior
high School
Addition Can not
should be replaced by
Could My brother’s
could speak English and
Rusian when they in Senior
high School Context of
learning
8 When l lived
at grandmother’s
house l can not eat food
whenever l wanted to
Misformation Can not
should be replaced by
Could not When l lived
at grandmother’s
house l could not eat food
whenever l wanted to
Intralingual
9 Could not
you tell me what time is
it? please. Addition
Could not should be
replaced by Can
Can you tell me what time
is it? please. Context of
learning
10 According to
television , it could not rain
this morning Misformation
Could not should be
replaced by Can
According to television , it
can rain this morning
Intralingual
11 When my
mother was younger she
can sing beatifully
Misformation Can should
be replaced by Could
When my mother was
younger she could sing
beatifully Intralingual
12 when she was
young , she can not play
guitar very well
Misformation Can not
should be replaced by
Could not when she was
young , she could not
play guitar very well
Intralingual
Item Number
Identification of Errors
Classification of Errors
Description Explanation Correction
Cause of Errors
15 Could not
you please pass the salt?
Addition Could not
should be replaced by
Can Can you
please pass the salt
Context of learning
18 Could not l
eat in this room?
Addition Could not
should be replaced by
Could Could l eat in
this room? Context of
learning
19 You can not
smoke here , but you can
not smoke in the gardern
Misordering Can not
should be replaced by
Can You can not
smoke here , but you can
smoke in the gardern
Context of learning
20 Could you
help me with my
homework? Misformation
Could should be
replaced by Can
Can you help me with my
homework? Intralingual
Total 12
Student 12: Item
Number Identification
of Errors
Classification of Errors
Description
Explanation Correction Cause of
Errors
2 Andi’s sister
can talk when she was two
years old. Misordering
Can should be replaced
by Could not Andi’s sister
could not talk when she
was two years old.
Context of learning
4 She can not
read arabic when she was
a little girl Misformation
Can not should be
replaced by Could not
She could not read arabic
when she was a little girl
Context of learning
Item Number
Identification of Errors
Classification of Errors
Description Explanation Correction
Cause of Errors
5 My sister
could not sing very well
because she took a singer
course Addition
Could not should be
replaced by Can
My sister can sing very
well because she took a
singer course Context of
learning
6 M
y brother’s can speak
English and Rusian when
they in Senior high School
Misformation Can should
be replaced by Could
My brother’s could speak
English and Rusian when
they in Senior high
School Intralingual
8 When l lived
at grandmother’s
house l can eat food
whenever l wanted to
Misordering Can should
be replaced by Could not
When l lived at
grandmother’ s house l
could not eat food
whenever l wanted to
Context of learning
10 According to
television , it could rain
this morning Misformation
Could should be
replaced by Can
According to television , it
can rain this morning
Intralingual
11 When my
mother was younger she
can sing beatifully
Misformation Can should
be replaced by Could
When my mother was
younger she could sing
beatifully Intralingual
12 when she was
young , she can not play
guitar very well
Misformation Can not
should be replaced by
Could not when she was
young , she could not
play guitar very well
Intralingual
Item Number
Identification of Errors
Classification of Errors
Description Explanation Correction
Cause of Errors
17 Sorrry, l’m
bussy today . but l could
help you tomorrow
Misformation Could
should be replaced by
Can Sorrry, l’m
bussy today . but l can
help you tomorrow
Intralingual
19 You can not
smoke here , but you can
not smoke in the garden
Misformation Can not
should be replaced by
Can You can not
smoke here , but you can
smoke in the gardern
Intralingual
20 Could not
you help me with my
homework? Addition
Could not should be
replaced by Can
Can you help me with my
homework? Context of
learning
Total 11
Student 13: Item
Number Identification
of Errors Classification
of Errors Description
Explanation Correction Cause of
Errors
2 Andi’s sister
can not talk when she was
two years old. Misformation
Can not should be
replaced by Could not
Andi’s sister could not
talk when she was two
years old. Intralingual
5 My sister
could sing very well
because she took a singer
course Misformation
Could should be
replaced by Can
My sister can sing
very well because she
took a singer course
Intralingual
Item Number
Identification of Errors
Classification of Errors
Description Explanation Correction
Cause of Errors
7 My
grandfather can walk
without any help last
Sunday Misformation
Can should be replaced
by Could My
grandfather could walk
without any help last
Sunday
Intralingual
9 Could you
tell me what time is it?
please. Misformation
Could should be
replaced by Can
Can you tell me what
time is it? please.
Intralingual
11 When my
mother was younger she
can not sing beatifully
Addition Can not
should be replaced by
Could When my
mother was younger she
could sing beatifully
Context of learning
12 when she was
young , she can play
guitar very well
Omission Can should
be replaced by Could not
when she was young ,
she could not play
guitar very well
Interlingual
14 She could
sing beatifully Misordering
Could should be
replaced by Can
She can sing beatifully
Context of learning
16 Hani could
sing a song when she was
young Omission
Could should be
replaced by Could not
Hani could not sing a
song when she was
young Interlingual
18 Can not l eat
in this room? Misformation
Can not should be
replaced by Could
Could l eat in this
room? Intralingual
Item Number
Identification of Errors
Classification of Errors
Description Explanation Correction
Cause of Errors
19 You can not
smoke here , but you could
not smoke in the garden
Addition Could not
should be replaced by
Can You can not
smoke here , but you can
smoke in the garden
Context of learning
20 Can not you
help me with my
homework? Addition
Can not should be
replaced by Can
Can you help me
with my homework?
Context of learning
Total 11
Student 14: Item
Number Identification
of Errors
Classification of Errors
Description
Explanation Correction Cause of
Errors
1 She could not
sing like a Bruno Mars if
she never practices it
Misordering Could not
should be replaced by
Can not She can not
sing like a Bruno Mars
if she never practices it
Context of learning
2 Andi’s sister
can not talk when she was
two years old. Misformation
Can not should be
replaced by Could not
Andi’s sister could
not talk when she
was two years old.
Intralingual
3 I’m sure you
could not get high score if
you study Addition
Could not should be
replaced by Can
I’m sure you can get
high score if you study
Context of learning
Item Number
Identification of Errors
Classification of Errors
Description Explanation Correction
Cause of Errors
6 My brother’s
can not speak English and
Rusian when they in Senior
high School
Addition Can not
should be replaced by
Could My
brother’s could
speak English and
Rusian when they
in Senior high School
Context of learning
7 My grandfather
can not walk without any
help last Sunday
Addition Can not
should be replaced by
Could My
grandfather could walk
without any help last
Sunday Context of
learning
8 When l lived at
grandmother’s house l can not
eat food whenever l
wanted to Misordering
Can not should be
replaced by Could not
When l lived at
grandmothe r’s house l
could not eat food
whenever l wanted to
Context of learning
12 when she was
young , she can not play guitar
very well Misformation
Can not should be
replaced by Could not
when she was young ,
she could not play
guitar very well
Intralingual
15 Can not you
please pass the salt?
Addition Can not
should be replaced by
Can Can you
please pass the salt?
Context of learning
Item Number
Identification of Errors
Classification of Errors
Description Explanation Correction
Cause of Errors
16 Hani can sing a
song when she was young
Omission Can should
be replaced by Could not
Hani could not sing a
song when she was
young Context of
learning
18 Could not l eat
in this room? Misordering
Could not should be
replaced by Could
Could l eat in this
room? Context of
learning
19 You can not
smoke here , but you could
smoke in the garden
Misformation Could
should be replaced by
Can You can
not smoke here , but
you can smoke in
the garden Intralingual
Total 11
Student 15: Item
Number Identification
of Errors Classification
of Errors Description
Explanation Correction
Cause of Errors
1 She could sing
like a Bruno Mars if she
never practices it
Omission Could
should be replaced by
Can not She can not
sing like a Bruno Mars
if she never practices it
Context of learning
2 Andi’s sister
can not talk when she was
two years old. Misformation
Can not should be
replaced by Could not
Andi’s sister could
not talk when she
was two years old.
Intralingual
Item Number
Identification of Errors
Classification of Errors
Description Explanation
Correction Cause of
Errors
4 She can not
read arabic when she was
a little girl Misformation
Can not should be
replaced by Could not
She could not read
arabic when she was a
little girl Intralingual
7 My
grandfather can walk
without any help last
Sunday Misformation
Can should be replaced
by Could My
grandfather could walk
without any help last
Sunday Intralingual
8 When l lived at
grandmother’s house l can not
eat food whenever l
wanted to Misformation
Can not should be
replaced by Could not
When l lived at
grandmothe r’s house l
could not eat food
whenever l wanted to
Intralingual
9 Could not you
tell me what time is it?
please. Addition
Could not should be
replaced by Can
Can you tell me what
time is it? please.
Context of learning
13 I don’t have
enough money. So l can go on
picnic with them
Omission Can should
be replaced by Can not
I don’t have enough
money. So l can not go
on picnic with them
Context of learning
14 She could not
sing beatifully Addition
Could not should be
replaced by Can
She can sing
beatifully Context of
learning
Item Number
Identification of Errors
Classification of Errors
Description Explanation
Correction Cause of
Errors
17 Sorrry, l’m
bussy today . but l could not
help you tomorrow
Addition Could not
should be replaced by
Can Sorrry, l’m
bussy today . but l can
help you tomorrow
Context of learning
19 You can not
smoke here , but you could
not smoke in the garden
Addition Could not
should be replaced by
Can You can not
smoke here , but you
can smoke in the
garden Context of
learning
Total 10
Student 16: Item
Number Identificatio
n of Errors Classification
of Errors
Description Explanation Correction
Cause of Errors
2 Andi’s sister
can talk when she was
two years old.
Addition Can should
be replaced by Could not
Andi’s sister could
not talk when she
was two years old.
Context of learning
4 She can not
read arabic when she was
a little girl Misformation
Can not should be
replaced by Could not
She could not read
arabic when she was a
little girl Intralingual
5 My sister
could sing very well
because she took a singer
course Misformation
Could should be
replaced by Can
My sister can sing
very well because she
took a singer
course
Intralingual
Item Identificatio
Classification Explanation Correction Cause of
Number n of Errors
of Errors Description
Errors
7 My
grandfather can walk
without any help last
Sunday Misformation
Can should be replaced
by Could My
grandfather could walk
without any help last
Sunday Intralingual
8 When l lived
at grandmother’
s house l can not eat food
whenever l wanted to
Misordering Can not
should be replaced by
Could not When l
lived at grandmothe
r’s house l could not
eat food whenever l
wanted to
Context of learning
10 According to
television , it could rain
this morning Misformation
Could should be
replaced by Can
According to
television , it can rain
this morning
Intralingual
12 when she was
young , she can not play
guitar very well
Misformation Can not
should be replaced by
Could not when she
was young , she could
not play guitar very
well Intralingual
16 Hani can sing
a song when she was
young Misformation
Could should be
replaced by Could not
Hani could not sing a
song when she was
young Intralingual
17 Sorrry, l’m
bussy today . but l could
not help you tomorrow
Omission Could not
should be replaced by
Can Sorrry, l’m
bussy today . but l can
help you tomorrow
Interlingual
Item Number
Identificatio n of Errors
Classification of Errors
Description Explanation Correction
Cause of Errors
20 Could not
you help me with my
homework? Omission
Could not should be
replaced by Can
Can you help me
with my homework?
Interlingual
Total 10
Student 17: Item
Number Identification
of Errors
Classification of Errors
Description
Explanation Correction
Cause of Errors
4 She can not
read arabic when she was
a little girl Misformation
Can not should be
replaced by Could not
She could not read
arabic when she was a
little girl Intralingual
5 My sister
could sing very well because
she took a singer course
Misformation Could
should be replaced by
Can My sister
can sing very well
because she took a
singer course
Intralingual
7 My
grandfather can walk
without any help last
Sunday Misformation
Can should be replaced
by Could My
grandfather could walk
without any help last
Sunday Intralingual
Item Number
Identification of Errors
Classification of Errors
Description Explanation
Correction Cause of
Errors
8 When l lived at
grandmother’s house l can not
eat food whenever l
wanted to Misformation
Can not should be
replaced by Could not
When l lived at
grandmothe r’s house l
could not eat food
whenever l wanted to
Intralingual
11 When my
mother was younger she
can not sing beatifully
Addition Can not
should be replaced by
Could When my
mother was younger she
could sing beatifully
Context of learning
12 when she was
young , she can not play
guitar very well
Misformation Can not
should be replaced by
Could not when she
was young , she could
not play guitar very
well Intralingual
14 She could not
sing beatifully Addition
Could not should be
replaced by Can
She could not sing
beatifully Context of
learning
16 Hani can sing
a song when she was young
Omission Can should
be replaced by Could not
Hani could not sing a
song when she was
young Interlingual
18 Could not l eat
in this room? Addition
Could not should be
replaced by Can
Can l eat in this room?
Context of learning
Total 9
Student 18:
Item Number
Identification of Errors
Classification of Errors
Description
Explanation Correction
Cause of Errors
2 Andi’s sister
can talk when she was two
years old. Omission
Can should be replaced
by Could not Andi’s
sister could not talk
when she was two
years old. Interlingual
3 I’m sure you
can not get high score if
you study Omission
Can not should be
replaced by Can
I’m sure you can get
high score if you study
Interlingual
5 My sister
could sing very well because
she took a singer course
Misformation Could
should be replaced by
Can My sister
can sing very well
because she took a
singer course
Intralingual
6 My brother’s
can not speak English and
Rusian when they in Senior
high School Addition
Can not should be
replaced by Could
My brother’s
could speak English and
Rusian when they
in Senior high School
Context of learning
8 When l lived at
grandmother’s house l can not
eat food whenever l
wanted to Misformation
Can not should be
replaced by Could not
When l lived at
grandmothe r’s house l
could not eat food
whenever l wanted to
Intralingual
Item Number
Identification of Errors
Classification of Errors
Description
Explanation Correction
Cause of Errors
9 Could you tell
me what time is it? please.
Misformation Could
should be replaced by
Can Can you tell
me what time is it?
please. Intralingual
10 According to
television , it could rain
this morning Misformation
Could should be
replaced by Can
According to television
, it can rain this
morning Intralingual
11 When my
mother was younger she
can sing beatifully
Misformation Can should
be replaced by Could
When my mother was
younger she could sing
beatifully Intralingual
13 I don’t have
enough money. So l can go on
picnic with them
Omission Can should
be replaced by Can not
I don’t have enough
money. So l can not go
on picnic with them
Interlingual
Total 9
Student 19: Item
Number Identification
of Errors
Classification of Errors
Description
Explanation Correction Cause of
Errors
1 She could sing
like an Bruno Mars if she
never practice it
Omission Could
should be replaced by
Can not She can not
sing like an Bruno Mars
if she never practice it
Interlingual
7 My
grandfather can walk
without any help last
Sunday Misformation
Can should be replaced
by Could My
grandfather could walk
without any help last
Sunday Intralingual
Item Number
Identification of Errors
Classification of Errors
Description Explanation Correction
Cause of Errors
9 Could you tell
me what time is it? please.
Misformation Could
should be replaced by
Can Can you
tell me what time
is it? please.
Intralingual
10 According to
television , it could rain
this morning Misformation
Could should be
replaced by Can
According to
television , it could
rain this morning
Intralingual
12 when she was
young , she not can play guitar
very well Misordering
Not can should be
replaced by Could not
when she was young ,
she could not play
guitar very well
Context of learning
16 Hani can sing
a song when she was young
Omission Can should
be replaced by Could not
Hani could not sing a
song when she was
young Interlingual
17 Sorrry, l’m
bussy today . but l could not
help you tomorrow
Addition Could not
should be replaced by
Can Sorrry, l’m
bussy today . but l can
help you tomorrow
Context of learning
18 Could not l eat
in this room? Misformation
Could not should be
replaced by Can
Can l eat in this room?
Intralingual
20 Not could you
help me with my
homework? Misordering
Not Could should be
replaced by Can
Can you help me
with my homework?
Context of learning
Total 10
Student 20: Item
Number Identification
of Errors
Classification of Errors
Description
Explanation Correction Cause of
Errors
1
She could not sing like an
Bruno Mars if she never
practice it
Misformation Could not
should be replaced by
Can not
She can not sing like an
Bruno Mars if she never
practice it Intralingual
5 My sister could
sing very well because she
took a singer course
Misformation Could
should be replaced by
Can My sister
can sing very well
because she took a
singer course
Intralingual
6 My brother’s
can not speak English and
Rusian when they in Senior
high School Adittion
Can not should be
replaced by Could
My brother’s
could speak English and
Rusian when they
in Senior high School
Context of learning
8 When l lived at
grandmother’s house l can not
eat food whenever l
wanted to Misformation
Can not should be
replaced by Could not
When l lived at
grandmothe r’s house l
could not eat food
whenever l wanted to
Intralingual
11 When my
mother was younger she can
sing beatifully Misformation
Can should be replaced
by Could When my
mother was younger she
could sing beatifully
Intralingual
13 I don’t have
enough money. So l can go on
picnic with them
Omission Can should
be replaced by Can not
I don’t have enough
money. So l can not go
on picnic with them
Interlingual
Item Number
Identification of Errors
Classification of Errors
Description Explanation Correction
Cause of Errors
17 Sorrry, l’m
bussy today . but l could not
help you tomorrow
Addition Could not
should be replaced by
Can Sorrry, l’m
bussy today . but l can
help you tomorrow
Context of learning
20 Not could you
help me with my homework?
Misordering Not Could
should be replaced by
Can Can you
help me with my
homework? Context of
learning
Total 8
Student 21: Item
Number Identification
of Errors Classification
of Errors
Description Explanation Correction
Cause of Errors
2 Andi’s sister
can talk when she was two
years old
Omission Can should
be replaced by Could not
Andi’s sister could
not talk when she
was two years old
Interlingual
3 I’m sure you
could get high score if you
study Misformation
Could should be
replaced by Can
I’m sure you can get
high score if you study
Intralingual
5 My sister could
sing very well because she
took a singer course
Misformation Could
should be replaced by
Can My sister
can sing very well
because she took a
singer course
Intralingual
Item Number
Identification of Errors
Classification of Errors
Description Explanation Correction
Cause of Errors
7 My grandfather
can walk without any
help last Sunday
Misformation Can should
be replaced by Could
My grandfather
could walk without any
help last Sunday
Intralingual
9 Could you tell
me what time is it? please.
Misformation Could
should be replaced by
Can Can you
tell me what time
is it? please.
Intralingual
10 According to
television , it could rain this
morning Misformation
Could should be
replaced by Can
According to
television , it can rain
this morning
Intralingual
11 When my
mother was younger she
can sing beatifully
Misformation Can should
be replaced by Could
When my mother was
younger she could sing
beatifully Intralingual
13 I don’t have
enough money. So l can go on
picnic with them
Omission Can should
be replaced by Can not
I don’t have enough
money. So l can not go
on picnic with them
Interlingual
18 Could l eat in
this room? Misformation
Could should be
replaced by Can
Can l eat in this room?
Intralingual
Item Number
Identification of Errors
Classification of Errors
Description
Explanation Correction Cause of
Errors
19 You can not
smoke here , but you could
smoke in the garden
Misformation Could
should be replaced by
Can You can
not smoke here , but
you can smoke in
the garden Intralingual
20 Not could you
help me with my homework?
Misordering Not Could
should be replaced by
Can Can you
help me with my
homework? Context of
learning
Total 11
Student 22: Item
Number Identification
of Errors
Classification of Errors
Description
Explanation Correction Cause of
Errors
1 She could not
sing like an Bruno Mars if
she never practice it
Misformation Could not
should be replaced by
Can not She can not
sing like an Bruno Mars
if she never practice it
Intralingual
2 Andi’s sister
can talk when she was two
years old Omission
Can should be replaced
by Could not Andi’s
sister could not talk
when she was two
years old Interlingual
3 I’m sure you
could get high score if you
study Misformation
Could should be
replaced by Can
I’m sure you can get
high score if you study
Intralingual
5 My sister could
sing very well because she
took a singer course
Misformation Could
should be replaced by
Can My sister
can sing very well
because she took a
singer course
Intralingual
Item Number
Identification of Errors
Classification of Errors
Explanation Correction Cause of
Errors
Description
6 My brother’s
can speak English and
Rusian when they in Senior
high School Misformation
Can should be replaced
by Could My
brother’s could speak
English and Rusian
when they in Senior
high School Intralingual
8 When l lived at
grandmother’s house l can not
eat food whenever l
wanted to Misformation
Can not should be
replaced by Could not
When l lived at
grandmothe r’s house l
could not eat food
whenever l Intralingual
11 When my
mother was younger she
can sing beatifully
Misformation Can should
be replaced by Could
When my mother was
younger she could sing
beatifully Intralingual
12 when she was
young , she not can play guitar
very well Misordering
Not Can should be
replaced by Could not
when she was young ,
she could not play
guitar very well
Context of learning
15 Could you
please pass the salt?
Misformation Could
should be replaced by
Can Can you
please pass the salt?
Intralingual
17 Sorrry, l’m
bussy today . but l could
help you tomorrow
Misformation Could
should be replaced by
Can Sorrry, l’m
bussy today . but l can
help you tomorrow
Intralingual
Total 10
Student 23:
Item Number
Identification of Errors
Classification of Errors
Description
Explanation Correction Cause of
Errors
1 She could not
sing like an Bruno Mars if
she never practice it
Misformation Could not
should be replaced by
Can not She can not
sing like an Bruno Mars
if she never practice it
Intralingual
2 Andi’s sister
can talk when she was two
years old Omission
Can should be replaced
by Could not Andi’s
sister could not talk
when she was two
years old Interlingual
4 She can not
read arabic when she was
a little girl Misformation
Can not should be
replaced by Could not
She could not read
arabic when she was a
little girl Intralingual
7 My
grandfather can walk
without any help last
Sunday Misformation
Can should be replaced
by Could My
grandfather could walk
without any help last
Sunday Intralingual
8 When l lived at
grandmother’s house l can not
eat food whenever l
wanted to Misformation
Can not should be
replaced by Could not
When l lived at
grandmothe r’s house l
could not eat food
whenever l wanted to
Intralingual
10 According to
television , it could rain this
morning Misformation
Could should be
replaced by Can
According to
television , it can rain
this morning
Intralingual
11 When my
mother was younger she
can sing beatifully
Misformation Can should
be replaced by Could
When my mother was
younger she could sing
beatifully Intralingual
Item Number
Identification of Errors
Classification of Errors
Description
Explanation Correction Cause of
Errors
13 I don’t have
enough money. So l can go on
picnic with them
Omission Can should
be replaced by Can not
I don’t have enough
money. So l can not go
on picnic with them
Interlingual
14 She could not
sing beatifully Adittion
Could not should be
replaced by Can
She can sing
beatifully Context of
learning
18 Could l eat in
this room? Misformation
Could should be
replaced by Can
Can l eat in this room?
Intralingual Total
10
Student 24: Item
Number Identification
of Errors
Classification of Errors
Description
Explanation Correction Cause of
Errors
2 Andi’s sister
can not talk when she was
two years old Misformation
Can not should be
replaced by Could not
Andi’s sister could
not talk when she
was two years old
Intralingual
4 She can not
read arabic when she was
a little girl Misformation
Can not should be
replaced by Could not
She could not read
arabic when she was a
little girl Intralingual
5 My sister
could sing very well
because she took a singer
course Misformation
Could should be
replaced by Can
My sister can sing
very well because she
took a singer
course
Intralingual
Item Number
Identification of Errors
Classification of Errors
Description
Explanation Correction Cause of
Errors
7 My
grandfather Misformation
Can should be replaced
My grandfather
Intralingual
can walk without any
help last Sunday
by Could could walk
without any help last
Sunday
9 Could you
tell me what time is it?
please. Misformation
Could should be
replaced by Can
Can you tell me what
time is it? please.
Intralingual
13 I don’t have
enough money. So l
can go on picnic
withthem
Omission Can should
be replaced by Can not
I don’t have enough
money. So l can not go
on picnic with them
Interlingual
19 You can not
smoke here , but you could
smoke in the garden
Misformation Could
should be replaced by
Can You can not
smoke here , but you
can smoke in the
garden Intralingual
Total 7
Table 4.2 The Recapitulation of Classifications
Student’s Error
No .
The Students Classifications of Errors
Misformation Misordering addition
Omission
1. Student 1
6 -
1 1
2. Student 2
8 -
- 1
3. Student 3
8 -
1 -
4. Student 4
9 1
- 1
5. Student 5
2 7
- -
7. Student 7
2 2
4 2
8. Student 8
5 1
3 2
9. Student 9
8 1
1 -
11. Student 11
5 1
4 2
14. Student 14
3 3
4 1
15. Student 15
4 1
4 1
16. Student 16
6 1
1 2
17. Student 17
5 -
3 1
18. Student 18
5 -
1 3
19. Student 19
4 2
2 2
21. Student 21
8 1
- 2
22. Student 22
8 1
- 1
23. Student 23
7 -
1 2
24. Student 24
6 -
- 1
TOTAL
131 32
40 34
TOTAL CLASSIFICATIONS
OF ERRORS
237
Table 4.3 The Recapitulation of Error Kinds
No. Error Kinds
Frequency of Percentage of Errors
Errors
1 Misformation
131 55.27
2 Misordering
32 13.50
3 Addition
40 16.88
4 Omission
34 14.35
Total 237
100
The chart below presents the highest level to the lowest of errors mostly made by students;
Chart 4.1: the Recapitulation of Classifications Student’s Error Types
After presenting the errors into types of error and explaining the frequency and percentage of errors each item in the previous pages, the Researcher would
like to talk more about all the errors from the highest until the lowest as follows;
a. Misformation
Misformation 55
Misordering 14
Addition 17
Omission 14
First, almost all of students make errors in misformation with the total error is 131 these errors happened because the students have a lack of vocabulary
and its use. The firstly students were confused in choosing whether it is using Can or Could secondly decided in positif or negatif they should input in the instrument
of the research. T he example is “ my brothers can speak English and Rusian when
they in senior high School ” The correct one is, “my brothers could speak English
and Rusian when they in senior high School .” The researcher assumes that the
source of error of this type of error is because of the intralingual transfer.
b. Addition
The second type of error that the students made are Addition with the total error is 40.
for example : “My sister can not sing very well because she took a singer course. “the correct one is” My sister can sing very well because she took a
singer course.
c. Omission
There are 34 errors from this type of error . On researcher’s opinion, these
errors occurred because the students had not clearly understood of the Modal. So the source of this error is from the context of learning again because the student
did not pay attention to the teacher explanation. For example ; “when l lived at
Grand mother’s House l can not eat food whenever l wanted to. “the correct one is” When l lived at Grandmother’s house l could not eat Whenever l wanted to.
d. Misordering
There are 32 errors from this type of error. Misordering error occurs because of incorrect placement of a morpheme or a group of morpheme in an
utterance. Example: Hani not can sing a song when she was young “The correct one is : Hani can not sing a song when she was young . To make it clearer, the
researcher is not only mentioning the errors made by the students, but researcher is also including the cause of error that may become the factor of student’s error.
Here is the explanation regarding causes of errors described in the table and chart below;
Table 4.4 The Recapitulation of Causes of Student’s Errors
No .
The Students
Causes of Errors Intralingual
Transfer Interlingual
Transfer Context of
Learning Communication
Strategies
1. Student 1
6 1
1 -
2. Student 2
8 1
- -
3. Student 3
8 -
2 -
4. Student 4
9 1
1 -
5. Student 5
2 -
7 -
6. Student 6
3 -
7 -
7. Student 7
2 2
6 -
8. Student 8
5 2
4 -
10. Student 10 3
4 3
- 11. Student 11
5 2
5 -
12. Student 12 6
- 5
- 13. Student 13
5 2
4 -
14. Student 14 3
- 8
- 15. Student 15
4 -
6 -
16. Student 16 6
2 2
- 18. Student 18
5 3
1 -
19. Student 19 4
2 4
- 20. Student 20
4 1
3 -
21. Student 21 8
2 1
- 22. Student 22
8 1
1 -
23. Student 23 7
2 1
- 24. Student 24
6 1
- -
TOTAL 130
30 77
-
TOTAL CAUSES OF ERROR
237
Table 4.5 The Recapitulation of Error Causes
No. Error Causes
Frequency of Errors
Percentage of Errors
1 Inter-lingual Transfer
30 2
Intra-lingual Transfer 130
54.85
3 Context of Learning
77 32.49
4 Communication
Strategies -
-
Total 237
100
Here is the chart represents the presentations causes of errors made by students:
Chart 4.2: the Recapitulations Causes of Student’s Errors Based on Brown
Due to the chart above, intralingual transfer enhances 130 times behind the student’s error or 55. In learning procces interlingual may influence, so the
students confused how to generalization within the target language. the other factor can be the experience of the students in target language.
Context of learning students error 77 or 32 it refers to the classroom with its teacher and material, also to the social situation in the classroom,the textbook
or the explanation of the teacher. So that student often make errors.Then, interlingual transfer may become a cause of error as 30 or 13. This is when the
students might be influenced by their mother tongue in terms of pattern, systems or rules.
13
55 32
inter-lingual transfer intra-lingual transfer
Context of Learning Communication Strategies