Data Analysis The Result of Interview

Student 2: Item Number Identification of Errors Classification of Errors Description Explanation Correction Cause of Errors 1 She can sing like a Bruno Mars if she never practices it. Omission Can should be replaced by Can not She can not sing like a Bruno Mars if she never practices it. Interlingual 3 l’m sure you can not get high score if you study hard Misformation Can not should be replaced by Can l’m sure you can get high score if you study hard Intralingual 4 She could read arabic when she was a little girl Misformation Could should be replaced by Could not She could not read arabic when she was a little girl Intralingual 8 When l lived at grandmother’ s house l can eat food whenever l wanted to Misformation Can should be replaced by Could not When l lived at grandmothe r’s house l could not eat food whenever l wanted to Intralingual 10 According to television , it could rain this morning Misformation Could should be replaced by Can According to television , it can rain thismorning Intralingual 13 I dont have enough money. So l can go on picnic with them Misformation Can should be replaced by Can not I dont have enough money. So l can go on picnic with them Intralingual Item Number Identification of Errors Classification of Errors Description Explanation Correction Cause of Errors 16 Hani could sing a song when she was young Misformation Could should be replaced by Could not Hani could sing a song when she was young Intralingual 18 Can l eat in this room? Misformation Can should be replaced by Could Could l eat in this room? Intralingual 20 Could you help me with my homework Misformation Could should be replaced by Can Canyou help me with my homework Intralingual TOTAL 9 Student 3: Item Number Identification of Errors Classification of Errors Description Explanation Correction Cause of Errors 2 Andi’s sister can talk when she was two years old Misformation Can should be replaced by Could not Andi’s sister could not talk when she was two years old Intralingual 4 She can not read arabic when she was a little girl Misformation Can not should be replaced by Could not She could not read arabic when she was a little girl Intralingual Item Number Identification of Errors Classification of Errors Description Explanation Correction Cause of Errors 5 My sister could not sing very well because she took singer course Addition Could not should be replaced by Can My sister can sing very well because she took singer course Context of learning 8 When l lived at grand mother’s house l can eat food whenever l wanted to. Omission Can should be replaced by Could not When l lived at grand mother’s house l could not eat food whenever l wanted to. Context of learning 9 Could you tell me what time is it? please Misformation Could should be replaced by Can Can you tell me what time is it? please Intralingual 13 I don’t have enough money so l can go on picnic with them. Misformation Can should be replaced by Can not I don’t have enough money so l can not go on picnic with them. Intralingual 16 Hani can not sing a song when she was young Misformation Can not should be replaced by Could not Hani could not sing a song when she was young Intralingual Item Number Identification of Errors Classification of Errors Description Explanation Correction Cause of Errors 17 Sorrry, l’m bussy today . but l could help you tommorow Misformation Could should be replaced by Can Sorrry, l’m bussy today but l can help you tommorow Intralingual 19 You can not smoke here , but you could smoke in the garden Misformation Could should be replaced by Can You can not smoke here , but you can smoke in the garden Intralingual 20 Could you help me with my my homework Misformation Could should be replaced by Can Can you help me with my my homework Intralingual Total 10 Student 4 : Item Number Identification of Errors Classification of Errors Description Explanation Correction Cause of Errors 1 She could sing like an Bruno mars if she never practice it Misformation Could should be replaced by Can not She can not sing like an Bruno mars if she never practice it Intralingual 2 Andi’s sister can talk when she was two years old Omission Can should be replaced by Could not Andi’s sister could not talk when she was two years old Interlingual Item Number Identification of Errors Classification of Errors Description Explanation Correction Cause of Errors 5 My sister could sing very well because she took a singer course Misformation Could should be replaced by Can My sister can sing very well because she took a singer course Intralingual 6 My brothers can speaks English and rusian when they in Senior High school. Misformation Can should be replaced by Could My brothers could speaks English and rusian when they in Senior High school. Intralingual 9 Could you tell me what time is it? please. Misformation Could should be replaced by Can Can you tell me what time is it? please. Intralingual 11 When my mother was younger she can sing beatifully Misformation Can should be replaced by Could When my mother was younger she could sing beatifully Intralingual 14 She could sing beautifully Misformation Could should be replaced by Can She can sing beautifully Intralingual 15 Could you please pass the salt? Misformation Could should be replaced by Can Can you please pass the salt? Intralingual Item Number Identification of Errors Classification of Errors Description Explanation Correction Cause of Errors 16 Hani can not Misformation Can not Hani could Intralingual sing a song when she was young should be replaced by Could not not sing a song when she was young 18 Can l eat in this room? Misformation Can should be replaced by Could Could l eat in this room? Intralingual 19 You can not smoke here, but you could not smoke in the garden Misordering Can not should be replaced by Can You can not smoke here, but you can smoke in the garden Context of learning Total 11 Student 5: Item Number Identification of Errors Classification of Errors Description Explanation Correction Cause of Errors 3 I’m sure you could not get high score if you study hard misordering Could not should be replaced by Can I’m sure you can not get high score if you study hard Context of learning 5 My sister could sing very well because she took a singer course Misformation Could not should be replaced by Can My sister can sing very well because she took a singer course Intralingual Item Number Identification of Errors Classification of Errors Description Explanation Correction Cause of Errors 6 My brothers could not speak english and Rusian when they in Senior High school Misordering Could not should be replaced by Could My brothers could speak english and Rusian when they in Senior High school Context of learning 8 When l lived at grandmother’s house l can eat food whenever l wanted to. Misordering Can should be replaced by Could not When l lived at grandmothe r’s house l could not eat food whenever l wanted to. Context of learning 12 When she was young, she can play guitar very well. Misordering Can should be replaced by Could not When she was young, she could not play guitar very well. Context of learning 15 Could you please pass the salt? Misordering Could should be replaced by Can Can you please pass the salt? Context of learning 16 Hani can not sing a song when she was young Misformation Can not should be replaced by Could not Hani could not sing a song when she was young Intralingual 18 Can l eat in this room? Misordering Can should be replaced by Could Can l eat in this room? Context of learning Item Number Identification of Errors Classification of Errors Description Explanation Correction Cause of Errors 20 Could you help me with my homework? Misordering Could not should be replaced by Can Can you help me with my homework? Context of learning Total 9 Students 6: Item Number Identification of Errors Classification of Errors Description Explanation Correction Cause of Errors 1 She could sing like a Bruno Mars if she never practices it. Misordering Could should be replaced by Can not She can not sing like a Bruno Mars if she never practices it. Context of learning 2 Andi’s sister can talk when she was two years old Misordering Can should be replaced by Could not Andi’s sister could not talk when she was two years old Context of learning 6 My brother’s can speak English and Rusian when they in senior High School. Misformation Can should be replaced by Could My brother’s could speak English and Rusian when they in senior High School. Intralingual Item Number Identification of Errors Classification of Errors Description Explanation Correction Cause of Errors 9 Could not you tell me what time is it ? please Misordering Could not should be replaced by Can Can you tell me what time is it ? please Context of learning 11 When mother was younger she can sing beautifully Misformation Can should be replaced by Could When mother was younger she could sing beautifully Intralingual 12 when she was younger , she can sing beautifully Misformation Can should be replaced by Could not when she was younger , she could not sing beautifully Intralingual 14 she could not sing beautifully Misordering Could not should be replaced by Can she can sing beautifully Context of learning 16 Hani can sing a song when she was young Misordering Can should be replaced by Could not Hani could not sing a song when she was young Context of learning 19 You can not smoke here , but you could not smoke in the gardern Misordering Can not should be replaced by Can You can not smoke here , but you can smoke in the gardern Context of learning 20 Could not you help me with my homework? Misordering Could not should be replaced by Can Can you help me with my homework? Contect of learning Total 10 Student 7: Item Number Identification of Errors Classificatio n of Errors Description Explanation Correction Cause of Errors 1 She can sing like a Bruno Mars if she never practices it. Misformation Can should be replaced by Can not She can not sing like a Bruno Mars if she never practices it. Intralingual 3 I’m sure you could not get high score if you study hard Omission Could not should be replaced by Can I’m sure you can get high score if you study hard Interlingual 5 My sister could not sing very well because she took a singer course Addition Could not should be replaced by Can My sister can sing very well because she took a singer course Context of learning 6 My brother’s can speak English and Rusian when they in Senior high School Misformation Can should be replaced by Could My brother’s could speak English and Rusian when they in Senior high School Intralingual 9 Could you tell me what time is it? please. Misordering Could should be replaced by Can Can you tell me what time is it? please Context of learning Item Number Identification of Errors Classificatio n of Errors Description Explanation Correction Cause of Errors 10 According to television , it could not be rain this morning Addition Could not should be replaced by Can According to television , it can rain this morning Context of learning l 13 I don’t have enough money. So l can go on picnic with them Misordering Can should be replaced by can not I don’t have enough money. So l can not go on picnic with them Context of learning 14 She could not sing beatifully Addition Could not should be replaced by Can She can sing beautifully Context of learning 16 Hani could sing a song when she was young Omission Could should be replaced by Could not Hani could not sing a song when she was young Interlingual 18 Can not l eat in this room? Addition Can not should be replaced by Could Could l eat in this room? Context of learning Total 10 Student 8: Item Number Identification of Errors Classification of Errors Description Explanation Correction Cause of Errors 2 Andi’s sister can talk when she was two years old. Omission Can should be replaced by Could not Andi’s sister could not talk when she was two years old. Interlingual 4 She could read arabic when she was a little girl Misordering Could should be replaced by Could not She could not read arabic when she was a little girl Context of learning 6 My brother’s can speak English and Rusian when they in Senior high School Misformation Can should be replaced by Could My brother’s could speak English and Rusian when they in Senior high School Intralingual 7 My grandfather can not walk without any help last Sunday Addition Can not should be replaced by Could My grandfather could walk without any help last Sunday Context of learning 10 According to television , it could not rain this morning Addition Could not should be replaced by Can According to television , it can rain this morning Context of learning Item Number Identification of Errors Classification of Errors Description Explanation Correction Cause of Errors 11 When my mother was younger she Misformation Can should be replaced by Could When my mother was younger Intralingual can sing beatifully she could sing beatifully 12 when she was young , she can play guitar very well Misformation Can should be replaced by Could not when she was younger , she could not play guitar very well Intralingual 15 Could you please pass the salt? Misformation Could should be replaced by can Can you please pass the salt? Intralingual 17 Sorrry, l’m bussy today . but l could not help you tommorow Omission Could not should be replaced by Can Sorrry, l’m bussy today . but l can help you tommorow Interlingual 19 You can not smoke here , but you could smoke in the gardern Misformation Can not should be replaced by Can You can not smoke here , but you can smoke in the gardern Intralingual 20 Can not you help me with my homework? Addition Can not should be replaced by Can Can you help me with my homework? Context of learning Total 11 Student 9: Item Number Identification of Errors Classification of Errors Description Explanation Correction Cause of Errors 2 Andi’s sister could talk Misformation Could should be replaced Andi’s sister Intralingual when she was two years old. by Could not could not talk when she was two years old. 3 I’m sure you could get high score if you study hard Misfomation Could should be replaced by Can I’m sure you can get high score if you study hard Intralingual 5 My sister could sing very well because she took a singer course Misformation Could should be replaced by Can My sister can sing very well because she took a singer course Intralingual 7 My grandfather can walk without any help last Sunday Misformation Can should be replaced by Could My grandfather could walk without any help last Sunday Intralingual 9 Could you tell me what time is it? please. Misformation Could should be replaced by Can Can you tell me what time is it? please. Intralingual Item Number Identification of Errors Classification of Errors Description Explanation Correction Cause of Errors 10 According to television , it could rain this morning Misformation Could should be replaced by Can According to television , it can rain this morning Intralingual 11 When my mother was younger she can not sing beatifully Addition Can not should be replaced by Could When my mother was younger she could sing beatifully Context of learning 12 when she was young , she can not play guitar very well Misformation Can not should be replaced by Could not when she was young , she could not play guitar very well Intralingual 16 Hani could sing a song when she was young Misformation Could should be replaced by Could not Hani could not sing a song when she was young Intralingual 17 Sorrry, l’m bussy today . but l can not help you tommorow Misordering Can not should be replaced by Can Sorrry, l’m bussy today . but l can help you tommorow Context of learning Total 10 Student 10: Item Number Identification of Errors Classification of Errors Description Explanation Correction Cause of Errors 1 She can sing like a Bruno Mars if she never practices it Omission Can should be replaced by Can not She can not sing like a Bruno Mars if she never practices it Interlingual 2 Andi’s sister could talk when she was two years old. Omission Could should be replaced by Could not Andi’s sister could not talk when she was two years old. Interlingual 4 She could read arabic when she was a little girl Omission Could should be replaced by Could not She could not read arabic when she was a little girl Interlingual 6 My brother’s can speak English and Rusian when they in Senior high School Misformation Can should be replaced by Could My brother’s could speak English and Rusian when they in Senior high School Intralingual 8 When l lived at grandmother’s house l can eat food whenever l wanted to Misformation Can should be replaced by Could not When l lived at grandmother’s house l could not eat food whenever l wanted to Intralingual 9 Could not you tell me what time is it? please. Addition Could not should be replaced by Can Can not you tell me what time is it? please. Context of learning Item Number Identification of Errors Classification of Errors Description Explanation Correction Cause of Errors 11 When my mother was younger she can sing beatifully Misformation Can not should be replaced by Could When my mother was younger she could sing beatifully Intralingual 13 I don’t have enough money. So l can go on picnic with them Omission Can should be replaced by Can not I don’t have enough money. So l can not go on picnic with them Interlingual 17 Sorrry, l’m bussy today . but l could not help you tomorrow Addition Could not should be replaced by Can Sorrry, l’m bussy today . but l can help you tomorrow Context of learning 19 You can not smoke here , but you could not smoke in the gardern Addition Could not should be replaced by Can You can not smoke here , but you can smoke in the gardern Context of learning Total 10 Student 11: Item Number Identification of Errors Classification of Errors Description Explanation Correction Cause of Errors 1 She can sing like a Bruno Mars if she never practices it Omission Can should be replaced by Can not She can not sing like a Bruno Mars if she never practices it Interlingual Item Number Identification of Errors Classification of Errors Description Explanation Correction Cause of Errors 4 She could read arabic when she was a little girl Omission Could should be replaced by Could not She could not read arabic when she was a little girl Interlingual 6 My brother’s can not speak English and Rusian when they in Senior high School Addition Can not should be replaced by Could My brother’s could speak English and Rusian when they in Senior high School Context of learning 8 When l lived at grandmother’s house l can not eat food whenever l wanted to Misformation Can not should be replaced by Could not When l lived at grandmother’s house l could not eat food whenever l wanted to Intralingual 9 Could not you tell me what time is it? please. Addition Could not should be replaced by Can Can you tell me what time is it? please. Context of learning 10 According to television , it could not rain this morning Misformation Could not should be replaced by Can According to television , it can rain this morning Intralingual 11 When my mother was younger she can sing beatifully Misformation Can should be replaced by Could When my mother was younger she could sing beatifully Intralingual 12 when she was young , she can not play guitar very well Misformation Can not should be replaced by Could not when she was young , she could not play guitar very well Intralingual Item Number Identification of Errors Classification of Errors Description Explanation Correction Cause of Errors 15 Could not you please pass the salt? Addition Could not should be replaced by Can Can you please pass the salt Context of learning 18 Could not l eat in this room? Addition Could not should be replaced by Could Could l eat in this room? Context of learning 19 You can not smoke here , but you can not smoke in the gardern Misordering Can not should be replaced by Can You can not smoke here , but you can smoke in the gardern Context of learning 20 Could you help me with my homework? Misformation Could should be replaced by Can Can you help me with my homework? Intralingual Total 12 Student 12: Item Number Identification of Errors Classification of Errors Description Explanation Correction Cause of Errors 2 Andi’s sister can talk when she was two years old. Misordering Can should be replaced by Could not Andi’s sister could not talk when she was two years old. Context of learning 4 She can not read arabic when she was a little girl Misformation Can not should be replaced by Could not She could not read arabic when she was a little girl Context of learning Item Number Identification of Errors Classification of Errors Description Explanation Correction Cause of Errors 5 My sister could not sing very well because she took a singer course Addition Could not should be replaced by Can My sister can sing very well because she took a singer course Context of learning 6 M y brother’s can speak English and Rusian when they in Senior high School Misformation Can should be replaced by Could My brother’s could speak English and Rusian when they in Senior high School Intralingual 8 When l lived at grandmother’s house l can eat food whenever l wanted to Misordering Can should be replaced by Could not When l lived at grandmother’ s house l could not eat food whenever l wanted to Context of learning 10 According to television , it could rain this morning Misformation Could should be replaced by Can According to television , it can rain this morning Intralingual 11 When my mother was younger she can sing beatifully Misformation Can should be replaced by Could When my mother was younger she could sing beatifully Intralingual 12 when she was young , she can not play guitar very well Misformation Can not should be replaced by Could not when she was young , she could not play guitar very well Intralingual Item Number Identification of Errors Classification of Errors Description Explanation Correction Cause of Errors 17 Sorrry, l’m bussy today . but l could help you tomorrow Misformation Could should be replaced by Can Sorrry, l’m bussy today . but l can help you tomorrow Intralingual 19 You can not smoke here , but you can not smoke in the garden Misformation Can not should be replaced by Can You can not smoke here , but you can smoke in the gardern Intralingual 20 Could not you help me with my homework? Addition Could not should be replaced by Can Can you help me with my homework? Context of learning Total 11 Student 13: Item Number Identification of Errors Classification of Errors Description Explanation Correction Cause of Errors 2 Andi’s sister can not talk when she was two years old. Misformation Can not should be replaced by Could not Andi’s sister could not talk when she was two years old. Intralingual 5 My sister could sing very well because she took a singer course Misformation Could should be replaced by Can My sister can sing very well because she took a singer course Intralingual Item Number Identification of Errors Classification of Errors Description Explanation Correction Cause of Errors 7 My grandfather can walk without any help last Sunday Misformation Can should be replaced by Could My grandfather could walk without any help last Sunday Intralingual 9 Could you tell me what time is it? please. Misformation Could should be replaced by Can Can you tell me what time is it? please. Intralingual 11 When my mother was younger she can not sing beatifully Addition Can not should be replaced by Could When my mother was younger she could sing beatifully Context of learning 12 when she was young , she can play guitar very well Omission Can should be replaced by Could not when she was young , she could not play guitar very well Interlingual 14 She could sing beatifully Misordering Could should be replaced by Can She can sing beatifully Context of learning 16 Hani could sing a song when she was young Omission Could should be replaced by Could not Hani could not sing a song when she was young Interlingual 18 Can not l eat in this room? Misformation Can not should be replaced by Could Could l eat in this room? Intralingual Item Number Identification of Errors Classification of Errors Description Explanation Correction Cause of Errors 19 You can not smoke here , but you could not smoke in the garden Addition Could not should be replaced by Can You can not smoke here , but you can smoke in the garden Context of learning 20 Can not you help me with my homework? Addition Can not should be replaced by Can Can you help me with my homework? Context of learning Total 11 Student 14: Item Number Identification of Errors Classification of Errors Description Explanation Correction Cause of Errors 1 She could not sing like a Bruno Mars if she never practices it Misordering Could not should be replaced by Can not She can not sing like a Bruno Mars if she never practices it Context of learning 2 Andi’s sister can not talk when she was two years old. Misformation Can not should be replaced by Could not Andi’s sister could not talk when she was two years old. Intralingual 3 I’m sure you could not get high score if you study Addition Could not should be replaced by Can I’m sure you can get high score if you study Context of learning Item Number Identification of Errors Classification of Errors Description Explanation Correction Cause of Errors 6 My brother’s can not speak English and Rusian when they in Senior high School Addition Can not should be replaced by Could My brother’s could speak English and Rusian when they in Senior high School Context of learning 7 My grandfather can not walk without any help last Sunday Addition Can not should be replaced by Could My grandfather could walk without any help last Sunday Context of learning 8 When l lived at grandmother’s house l can not eat food whenever l wanted to Misordering Can not should be replaced by Could not When l lived at grandmothe r’s house l could not eat food whenever l wanted to Context of learning 12 when she was young , she can not play guitar very well Misformation Can not should be replaced by Could not when she was young , she could not play guitar very well Intralingual 15 Can not you please pass the salt? Addition Can not should be replaced by Can Can you please pass the salt? Context of learning Item Number Identification of Errors Classification of Errors Description Explanation Correction Cause of Errors 16 Hani can sing a song when she was young Omission Can should be replaced by Could not Hani could not sing a song when she was young Context of learning 18 Could not l eat in this room? Misordering Could not should be replaced by Could Could l eat in this room? Context of learning 19 You can not smoke here , but you could smoke in the garden Misformation Could should be replaced by Can You can not smoke here , but you can smoke in the garden Intralingual Total 11 Student 15: Item Number Identification of Errors Classification of Errors Description Explanation Correction Cause of Errors 1 She could sing like a Bruno Mars if she never practices it Omission Could should be replaced by Can not She can not sing like a Bruno Mars if she never practices it Context of learning 2 Andi’s sister can not talk when she was two years old. Misformation Can not should be replaced by Could not Andi’s sister could not talk when she was two years old. Intralingual Item Number Identification of Errors Classification of Errors Description Explanation Correction Cause of Errors 4 She can not read arabic when she was a little girl Misformation Can not should be replaced by Could not She could not read arabic when she was a little girl Intralingual 7 My grandfather can walk without any help last Sunday Misformation Can should be replaced by Could My grandfather could walk without any help last Sunday Intralingual 8 When l lived at grandmother’s house l can not eat food whenever l wanted to Misformation Can not should be replaced by Could not When l lived at grandmothe r’s house l could not eat food whenever l wanted to Intralingual 9 Could not you tell me what time is it? please. Addition Could not should be replaced by Can Can you tell me what time is it? please. Context of learning 13 I don’t have enough money. So l can go on picnic with them Omission Can should be replaced by Can not I don’t have enough money. So l can not go on picnic with them Context of learning 14 She could not sing beatifully Addition Could not should be replaced by Can She can sing beatifully Context of learning Item Number Identification of Errors Classification of Errors Description Explanation Correction Cause of Errors 17 Sorrry, l’m bussy today . but l could not help you tomorrow Addition Could not should be replaced by Can Sorrry, l’m bussy today . but l can help you tomorrow Context of learning 19 You can not smoke here , but you could not smoke in the garden Addition Could not should be replaced by Can You can not smoke here , but you can smoke in the garden Context of learning Total 10 Student 16: Item Number Identificatio n of Errors Classification of Errors Description Explanation Correction Cause of Errors 2 Andi’s sister can talk when she was two years old. Addition Can should be replaced by Could not Andi’s sister could not talk when she was two years old. Context of learning 4 She can not read arabic when she was a little girl Misformation Can not should be replaced by Could not She could not read arabic when she was a little girl Intralingual 5 My sister could sing very well because she took a singer course Misformation Could should be replaced by Can My sister can sing very well because she took a singer course Intralingual Item Identificatio Classification Explanation Correction Cause of Number n of Errors of Errors Description Errors 7 My grandfather can walk without any help last Sunday Misformation Can should be replaced by Could My grandfather could walk without any help last Sunday Intralingual 8 When l lived at grandmother’ s house l can not eat food whenever l wanted to Misordering Can not should be replaced by Could not When l lived at grandmothe r’s house l could not eat food whenever l wanted to Context of learning 10 According to television , it could rain this morning Misformation Could should be replaced by Can According to television , it can rain this morning Intralingual 12 when she was young , she can not play guitar very well Misformation Can not should be replaced by Could not when she was young , she could not play guitar very well Intralingual 16 Hani can sing a song when she was young Misformation Could should be replaced by Could not Hani could not sing a song when she was young Intralingual 17 Sorrry, l’m bussy today . but l could not help you tomorrow Omission Could not should be replaced by Can Sorrry, l’m bussy today . but l can help you tomorrow Interlingual Item Number Identificatio n of Errors Classification of Errors Description Explanation Correction Cause of Errors 20 Could not you help me with my homework? Omission Could not should be replaced by Can Can you help me with my homework? Interlingual Total 10 Student 17: Item Number Identification of Errors Classification of Errors Description Explanation Correction Cause of Errors 4 She can not read arabic when she was a little girl Misformation Can not should be replaced by Could not She could not read arabic when she was a little girl Intralingual 5 My sister could sing very well because she took a singer course Misformation Could should be replaced by Can My sister can sing very well because she took a singer course Intralingual 7 My grandfather can walk without any help last Sunday Misformation Can should be replaced by Could My grandfather could walk without any help last Sunday Intralingual Item Number Identification of Errors Classification of Errors Description Explanation Correction Cause of Errors 8 When l lived at grandmother’s house l can not eat food whenever l wanted to Misformation Can not should be replaced by Could not When l lived at grandmothe r’s house l could not eat food whenever l wanted to Intralingual 11 When my mother was younger she can not sing beatifully Addition Can not should be replaced by Could When my mother was younger she could sing beatifully Context of learning 12 when she was young , she can not play guitar very well Misformation Can not should be replaced by Could not when she was young , she could not play guitar very well Intralingual 14 She could not sing beatifully Addition Could not should be replaced by Can She could not sing beatifully Context of learning 16 Hani can sing a song when she was young Omission Can should be replaced by Could not Hani could not sing a song when she was young Interlingual 18 Could not l eat in this room? Addition Could not should be replaced by Can Can l eat in this room? Context of learning Total 9 Student 18: Item Number Identification of Errors Classification of Errors Description Explanation Correction Cause of Errors 2 Andi’s sister can talk when she was two years old. Omission Can should be replaced by Could not Andi’s sister could not talk when she was two years old. Interlingual 3 I’m sure you can not get high score if you study Omission Can not should be replaced by Can I’m sure you can get high score if you study Interlingual 5 My sister could sing very well because she took a singer course Misformation Could should be replaced by Can My sister can sing very well because she took a singer course Intralingual 6 My brother’s can not speak English and Rusian when they in Senior high School Addition Can not should be replaced by Could My brother’s could speak English and Rusian when they in Senior high School Context of learning 8 When l lived at grandmother’s house l can not eat food whenever l wanted to Misformation Can not should be replaced by Could not When l lived at grandmothe r’s house l could not eat food whenever l wanted to Intralingual Item Number Identification of Errors Classification of Errors Description Explanation Correction Cause of Errors 9 Could you tell me what time is it? please. Misformation Could should be replaced by Can Can you tell me what time is it? please. Intralingual 10 According to television , it could rain this morning Misformation Could should be replaced by Can According to television , it can rain this morning Intralingual 11 When my mother was younger she can sing beatifully Misformation Can should be replaced by Could When my mother was younger she could sing beatifully Intralingual 13 I don’t have enough money. So l can go on picnic with them Omission Can should be replaced by Can not I don’t have enough money. So l can not go on picnic with them Interlingual Total 9 Student 19: Item Number Identification of Errors Classification of Errors Description Explanation Correction Cause of Errors 1 She could sing like an Bruno Mars if she never practice it Omission Could should be replaced by Can not She can not sing like an Bruno Mars if she never practice it Interlingual 7 My grandfather can walk without any help last Sunday Misformation Can should be replaced by Could My grandfather could walk without any help last Sunday Intralingual Item Number Identification of Errors Classification of Errors Description Explanation Correction Cause of Errors 9 Could you tell me what time is it? please. Misformation Could should be replaced by Can Can you tell me what time is it? please. Intralingual 10 According to television , it could rain this morning Misformation Could should be replaced by Can According to television , it could rain this morning Intralingual 12 when she was young , she not can play guitar very well Misordering Not can should be replaced by Could not when she was young , she could not play guitar very well Context of learning 16 Hani can sing a song when she was young Omission Can should be replaced by Could not Hani could not sing a song when she was young Interlingual 17 Sorrry, l’m bussy today . but l could not help you tomorrow Addition Could not should be replaced by Can Sorrry, l’m bussy today . but l can help you tomorrow Context of learning 18 Could not l eat in this room? Misformation Could not should be replaced by Can Can l eat in this room? Intralingual 20 Not could you help me with my homework? Misordering Not Could should be replaced by Can Can you help me with my homework? Context of learning Total 10 Student 20: Item Number Identification of Errors Classification of Errors Description Explanation Correction Cause of Errors 1 She could not sing like an Bruno Mars if she never practice it Misformation Could not should be replaced by Can not She can not sing like an Bruno Mars if she never practice it Intralingual 5 My sister could sing very well because she took a singer course Misformation Could should be replaced by Can My sister can sing very well because she took a singer course Intralingual 6 My brother’s can not speak English and Rusian when they in Senior high School Adittion Can not should be replaced by Could My brother’s could speak English and Rusian when they in Senior high School Context of learning 8 When l lived at grandmother’s house l can not eat food whenever l wanted to Misformation Can not should be replaced by Could not When l lived at grandmothe r’s house l could not eat food whenever l wanted to Intralingual 11 When my mother was younger she can sing beatifully Misformation Can should be replaced by Could When my mother was younger she could sing beatifully Intralingual 13 I don’t have enough money. So l can go on picnic with them Omission Can should be replaced by Can not I don’t have enough money. So l can not go on picnic with them Interlingual Item Number Identification of Errors Classification of Errors Description Explanation Correction Cause of Errors 17 Sorrry, l’m bussy today . but l could not help you tomorrow Addition Could not should be replaced by Can Sorrry, l’m bussy today . but l can help you tomorrow Context of learning 20 Not could you help me with my homework? Misordering Not Could should be replaced by Can Can you help me with my homework? Context of learning Total 8 Student 21: Item Number Identification of Errors Classification of Errors Description Explanation Correction Cause of Errors 2 Andi’s sister can talk when she was two years old Omission Can should be replaced by Could not Andi’s sister could not talk when she was two years old Interlingual 3 I’m sure you could get high score if you study Misformation Could should be replaced by Can I’m sure you can get high score if you study Intralingual 5 My sister could sing very well because she took a singer course Misformation Could should be replaced by Can My sister can sing very well because she took a singer course Intralingual Item Number Identification of Errors Classification of Errors Description Explanation Correction Cause of Errors 7 My grandfather can walk without any help last Sunday Misformation Can should be replaced by Could My grandfather could walk without any help last Sunday Intralingual 9 Could you tell me what time is it? please. Misformation Could should be replaced by Can Can you tell me what time is it? please. Intralingual 10 According to television , it could rain this morning Misformation Could should be replaced by Can According to television , it can rain this morning Intralingual 11 When my mother was younger she can sing beatifully Misformation Can should be replaced by Could When my mother was younger she could sing beatifully Intralingual 13 I don’t have enough money. So l can go on picnic with them Omission Can should be replaced by Can not I don’t have enough money. So l can not go on picnic with them Interlingual 18 Could l eat in this room? Misformation Could should be replaced by Can Can l eat in this room? Intralingual Item Number Identification of Errors Classification of Errors Description Explanation Correction Cause of Errors 19 You can not smoke here , but you could smoke in the garden Misformation Could should be replaced by Can You can not smoke here , but you can smoke in the garden Intralingual 20 Not could you help me with my homework? Misordering Not Could should be replaced by Can Can you help me with my homework? Context of learning Total 11 Student 22: Item Number Identification of Errors Classification of Errors Description Explanation Correction Cause of Errors 1 She could not sing like an Bruno Mars if she never practice it Misformation Could not should be replaced by Can not She can not sing like an Bruno Mars if she never practice it Intralingual 2 Andi’s sister can talk when she was two years old Omission Can should be replaced by Could not Andi’s sister could not talk when she was two years old Interlingual 3 I’m sure you could get high score if you study Misformation Could should be replaced by Can I’m sure you can get high score if you study Intralingual 5 My sister could sing very well because she took a singer course Misformation Could should be replaced by Can My sister can sing very well because she took a singer course Intralingual Item Number Identification of Errors Classification of Errors Explanation Correction Cause of Errors Description 6 My brother’s can speak English and Rusian when they in Senior high School Misformation Can should be replaced by Could My brother’s could speak English and Rusian when they in Senior high School Intralingual 8 When l lived at grandmother’s house l can not eat food whenever l wanted to Misformation Can not should be replaced by Could not When l lived at grandmothe r’s house l could not eat food whenever l Intralingual 11 When my mother was younger she can sing beatifully Misformation Can should be replaced by Could When my mother was younger she could sing beatifully Intralingual 12 when she was young , she not can play guitar very well Misordering Not Can should be replaced by Could not when she was young , she could not play guitar very well Context of learning 15 Could you please pass the salt? Misformation Could should be replaced by Can Can you please pass the salt? Intralingual 17 Sorrry, l’m bussy today . but l could help you tomorrow Misformation Could should be replaced by Can Sorrry, l’m bussy today . but l can help you tomorrow Intralingual Total 10 Student 23: Item Number Identification of Errors Classification of Errors Description Explanation Correction Cause of Errors 1 She could not sing like an Bruno Mars if she never practice it Misformation Could not should be replaced by Can not She can not sing like an Bruno Mars if she never practice it Intralingual 2 Andi’s sister can talk when she was two years old Omission Can should be replaced by Could not Andi’s sister could not talk when she was two years old Interlingual 4 She can not read arabic when she was a little girl Misformation Can not should be replaced by Could not She could not read arabic when she was a little girl Intralingual 7 My grandfather can walk without any help last Sunday Misformation Can should be replaced by Could My grandfather could walk without any help last Sunday Intralingual 8 When l lived at grandmother’s house l can not eat food whenever l wanted to Misformation Can not should be replaced by Could not When l lived at grandmothe r’s house l could not eat food whenever l wanted to Intralingual 10 According to television , it could rain this morning Misformation Could should be replaced by Can According to television , it can rain this morning Intralingual 11 When my mother was younger she can sing beatifully Misformation Can should be replaced by Could When my mother was younger she could sing beatifully Intralingual Item Number Identification of Errors Classification of Errors Description Explanation Correction Cause of Errors 13 I don’t have enough money. So l can go on picnic with them Omission Can should be replaced by Can not I don’t have enough money. So l can not go on picnic with them Interlingual 14 She could not sing beatifully Adittion Could not should be replaced by Can She can sing beatifully Context of learning 18 Could l eat in this room? Misformation Could should be replaced by Can Can l eat in this room? Intralingual Total 10 Student 24: Item Number Identification of Errors Classification of Errors Description Explanation Correction Cause of Errors 2 Andi’s sister can not talk when she was two years old Misformation Can not should be replaced by Could not Andi’s sister could not talk when she was two years old Intralingual 4 She can not read arabic when she was a little girl Misformation Can not should be replaced by Could not She could not read arabic when she was a little girl Intralingual 5 My sister could sing very well because she took a singer course Misformation Could should be replaced by Can My sister can sing very well because she took a singer course Intralingual Item Number Identification of Errors Classification of Errors Description Explanation Correction Cause of Errors 7 My grandfather Misformation Can should be replaced My grandfather Intralingual can walk without any help last Sunday by Could could walk without any help last Sunday 9 Could you tell me what time is it? please. Misformation Could should be replaced by Can Can you tell me what time is it? please. Intralingual 13 I don’t have enough money. So l can go on picnic withthem Omission Can should be replaced by Can not I don’t have enough money. So l can not go on picnic with them Interlingual 19 You can not smoke here , but you could smoke in the garden Misformation Could should be replaced by Can You can not smoke here , but you can smoke in the garden Intralingual Total 7 Table 4.2 The Recapitulation of Classifications Student’s Error No . The Students Classifications of Errors Misformation Misordering addition Omission 1. Student 1 6 - 1 1 2. Student 2 8 - - 1 3. Student 3 8 - 1 - 4. Student 4 9 1 - 1 5. Student 5 2 7 - - 7. Student 7 2 2 4 2 8. Student 8 5 1 3 2 9. Student 9 8 1 1 - 11. Student 11 5 1 4 2 14. Student 14 3 3 4 1 15. Student 15 4 1 4 1 16. Student 16 6 1 1 2 17. Student 17 5 - 3 1 18. Student 18 5 - 1 3 19. Student 19 4 2 2 2 21. Student 21 8 1 - 2 22. Student 22 8 1 - 1 23. Student 23 7 - 1 2 24. Student 24 6 - - 1 TOTAL 131 32 40 34 TOTAL CLASSIFICATIONS OF ERRORS 237 Table 4.3 The Recapitulation of Error Kinds No. Error Kinds Frequency of Percentage of Errors Errors 1 Misformation 131 55.27 2 Misordering 32 13.50 3 Addition 40 16.88 4 Omission 34 14.35 Total 237 100 The chart below presents the highest level to the lowest of errors mostly made by students; Chart 4.1: the Recapitulation of Classifications Student’s Error Types After presenting the errors into types of error and explaining the frequency and percentage of errors each item in the previous pages, the Researcher would like to talk more about all the errors from the highest until the lowest as follows; a. Misformation Misformation 55 Misordering 14 Addition 17 Omission 14 First, almost all of students make errors in misformation with the total error is 131 these errors happened because the students have a lack of vocabulary and its use. The firstly students were confused in choosing whether it is using Can or Could secondly decided in positif or negatif they should input in the instrument of the research. T he example is “ my brothers can speak English and Rusian when they in senior high School ” The correct one is, “my brothers could speak English and Rusian when they in senior high School .” The researcher assumes that the source of error of this type of error is because of the intralingual transfer. b. Addition The second type of error that the students made are Addition with the total error is 40. for example : “My sister can not sing very well because she took a singer course. “the correct one is” My sister can sing very well because she took a singer course. c. Omission There are 34 errors from this type of error . On researcher’s opinion, these errors occurred because the students had not clearly understood of the Modal. So the source of this error is from the context of learning again because the student did not pay attention to the teacher explanation. For example ; “when l lived at Grand mother’s House l can not eat food whenever l wanted to. “the correct one is” When l lived at Grandmother’s house l could not eat Whenever l wanted to. d. Misordering There are 32 errors from this type of error. Misordering error occurs because of incorrect placement of a morpheme or a group of morpheme in an utterance. Example: Hani not can sing a song when she was young “The correct one is : Hani can not sing a song when she was young . To make it clearer, the researcher is not only mentioning the errors made by the students, but researcher is also including the cause of error that may become the factor of student’s error. Here is the explanation regarding causes of errors described in the table and chart below; Table 4.4 The Recapitulation of Causes of Student’s Errors No . The Students Causes of Errors Intralingual Transfer Interlingual Transfer Context of Learning Communication Strategies 1. Student 1 6 1 1 - 2. Student 2 8 1 - - 3. Student 3 8 - 2 - 4. Student 4 9 1 1 - 5. Student 5 2 - 7 - 6. Student 6 3 - 7 - 7. Student 7 2 2 6 - 8. Student 8 5 2 4 - 10. Student 10 3 4 3 - 11. Student 11 5 2 5 - 12. Student 12 6 - 5 - 13. Student 13 5 2 4 - 14. Student 14 3 - 8 - 15. Student 15 4 - 6 - 16. Student 16 6 2 2 - 18. Student 18 5 3 1 - 19. Student 19 4 2 4 - 20. Student 20 4 1 3 - 21. Student 21 8 2 1 - 22. Student 22 8 1 1 - 23. Student 23 7 2 1 - 24. Student 24 6 1 - - TOTAL 130 30 77 - TOTAL CAUSES OF ERROR 237 Table 4.5 The Recapitulation of Error Causes No. Error Causes Frequency of Errors Percentage of Errors 1 Inter-lingual Transfer 30 2 Intra-lingual Transfer 130 54.85 3 Context of Learning 77 32.49 4 Communication Strategies - - Total 237 100 Here is the chart represents the presentations causes of errors made by students: Chart 4.2: the Recapitulations Causes of Student’s Errors Based on Brown Due to the chart above, intralingual transfer enhances 130 times behind the student’s error or 55. In learning procces interlingual may influence, so the students confused how to generalization within the target language. the other factor can be the experience of the students in target language. Context of learning students error 77 or 32 it refers to the classroom with its teacher and material, also to the social situation in the classroom,the textbook or the explanation of the teacher. So that student often make errors.Then, interlingual transfer may become a cause of error as 30 or 13. This is when the students might be influenced by their mother tongue in terms of pattern, systems or rules. 13 55 32 inter-lingual transfer intra-lingual transfer Context of Learning Communication Strategies

B. Interpretation

The researcher took the interpretation from the data analysis. Results from it show that the most three common errors are misformation with 131 errors or 55, addition with 40 or 17, omission with 34 errors or 15.and missordering with 32 or 13 . Researcher concludes that the teaching of those four aspects was not done successfully by the teacher. The students made such errors because they might be still interfered by their mother tongue.In addition, when they proceed the new language data it causes mix opinions in their mind, it also produces a new rules, so they often over generalize about their second language rules. So the main focus of the teacher is pay more attention to the intralingual transfer as one of the sources of error that must be recognized in second language learning. For this reason, it is a fact that intra-lingual transfer within the target language itself such as: “overgeneralization” is the major source of error in second language learning. The result of analysis in the causes of error based on Brown theory in his book, Principle of Language Learning and Teaching. He states four causes of error, they are: Interlingual transfer, intralingual transfer, context of learning, and communication strategies. 1 1. Brown, loc.cit. 75

CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

A. Conclusion

In this case study, the researcher has analyzed the errors made by students based on the data analysis and interpritation, and it can be concluded that the errors in the students’ test at the 8 th Grade Students of SMPIT AMEC Integrated Islamic Junior High School Al-makmun Education Center, Serua Depok. are errors in using modal auxiliaries ‘Can’ and ‘Could’ which consist of Mis-formation 131 55 errors , Addition 40 17 errors , Omission 34 15 errors and Mis-ordering 32 13 errors. Based on the high percentage of the errors, it means the mastery of student in usin g modal auxiliary ‘can’ and ‘could’ is low, and they have much difficulty in mastering it. It can be concluded that the students made errors because of misleading explanation from the teacher, faulty persentation of a stucture or word in a textbook. The cause of the students’ error consists of the total frequencies of all error on modal auxilaries Can and Could are 237. The highest rate of all error causes are :intralingualtotal of error causes 130 or 55 , interlingual total of errors causes 77 or 33 an then context of learning with total of error causes 30 or 13.

B. Suggestion

After the researcher carried out the research and knowing the students’ frequency of error types and to prevent from making the same errors for the second times researcher would like to give some suggestion related to this result of the research. Therefore, it can improve the teaching and learning process. Here are some suggestions that hopefully can be applied in teaching and learning process: 1. It is necessary for the students to do more exercises in Grammar modal auxiliaries especially ‘can’ and ‘could’. The students have to give more attention on the use of modal and how to distinguish them, the teacher also have to give feedback to students after correcting in learning process. 2. It is good for the teacher to talk students’ problems in understanding English material in the class and help the students to solve it, motivate the student to keep learning and practicing. 3. The teacher has to motivate the students to be more confident in using English and telling them that English is easy to learn and no to be afraid of mistake and error.