Background of the Study

5 novel like Daughter of Shame in the other points of views. Besides, this novel can be applied in teaching English.

E. Definition of Terms

This part provides definitions of meaning of the terms which are frequently used in the entire parts of this study. The terms are feminism, the Third World and forced marriage. The explanations are:

1. Feminism

In this study, I present feminism as a way to gain equal rights as a woman to obtain her freedom in thinking, acting and living. According to Humm 1992:1 the word “feminism” can stand for a belief in sexual equality combined with a commitment to eradicate sexist domination and to transform society. Feminism is women‟s assertion of their equality with men and their demand for access of those roles and positions of public life traditionally regarded as the province of men Davies, 1996. Feminism can be described as a belief and a commitment to equal rights and opportunities Terrey, 1989. Humm in The Dictionary of Feminist Theory states that feminism incorporates both doctrines of equal rights of women the organized movement to attain women‟s right and an ideology of socail transformation which aim to create a world for women beyond simple social equality Humm 74. It means that there is social transformation fow women to gain social equality. She also states that certain terms in contemporary theory such as work, family, patriarchy, and 6 sexuality, are used to sum up the basis experiences of women. as cited in Setyorini, 2009 p.5

2. The Third World

In this study, Kurian 1982 states the Third World is defined as the politically non aligned and economically developing and less industrialized nations of the world. The emergence of the Third World has been one of the most significant phenomena of the post-World War II world. Forty of these countries are the poorest in the world and nearly 1.2 billion of its inhabitants- 60 of the Third World‟s population – subsist in chronic poverty. The economic and social indicator show in stark and frightful numbers the condition of this quarter of the planet‟s population. Many Third World countries have become closed societies from which little reliable information is permitted to filter out to the West. p.237 Kurian 1982 states many Third World countries are located in Africa, Latin America, and South Asia. They are often nations that were colonized by another nation in the past. The populations of third world countries are generally very poor but with high birth rates. In general they are not as industrialized or technologically advanced as the first world. The majority of the countries in the world fit this classification p.239

3. Third World Feminism

In this study, Third World Feminism takes place in South Asian countries, India and Pakistan. According to Bruno 2006, the ideas of Third World Feminism are expressed in the World Conferences in the 1990s. The ideas are: a Sex inequality constitute the main problem faced by women in the Third World, b Patriarchal power takes priority in the analysis of women status, c Other 7 analytical categories such as race, class or position in national structures are less important than gender, d A sisterhood between First World and Third World groups is an effective tool to advance sex equality e Women activism and feminist mobilization is an effective tool to promote changes in the sphere of women‟s rights. The principal struggle of Third World women should be centered around the satisfaction of basic needs, understood as basic rights as cited in Bruno, 2006, p.7.

4. Forced Marriage

According to Jain 2008 Forced marriage is a marriage in which the bride, groom or both do not want to get married but are forced to by others, usually their families. People forced into marriage may be tricked into going abroad, physically threatened andor emotionally blackmailed to do so. In this study, forced marriage Unlike forced marriages, in an arranged marriage both the bride and groom choose whether or not they want to marry the person suggested to them by their families. In a forced marriage there is no freedom of choice. Jain 2008 states a forced marriage is considered to be domestic violence. Victims of forced marriages often experience physical violence, rape, abduction, torture, false imprisonment and enslavement, sexual abuse, mental and emotional abuse, and at times, murder. 8

CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter explains some theories related to the study. Review of related literature covers three parts. The first part is the review of related theories. The second part is the review of women in Pakistan and India in 2000s. The last part explains the theoretical framework. In this chapter, I explain theories related to the topic of the Third World feminism as seen in the actions of Jasvinder Sanghera in the novel Daughters of Shame. The theories are the theory of feminism which consists of feminism in general, the Third World feminism ideas and review of women in Pakistan and India.

A. Review of Related Theories 1. Feminism Approach

Rohberger and Woods say that literature is one of the works of art that has aesthetic values. Literature is written by human as expression of particular personalities and from all sorts of motives. Literature are works that are merely potential until they are read and understood by the readers. In their book entitled An Introduction to Poetry , Kennedy and Gioia state that literary criticism is more than a discussion about literature. It is not an abstract or an intellectual problem; it is a natural human response to literature. Literary criticism just tries to help readers better understand literary works as cited in Palupi, 2010 p.7