Benefits of the Study

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CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter explains some theories related to the study. Review of related literature covers three parts. The first part is the review of related theories. The second part is the review of women in Pakistan and India in 2000s. The last part explains the theoretical framework. In this chapter, I explain theories related to the topic of the Third World feminism as seen in the actions of Jasvinder Sanghera in the novel Daughters of Shame. The theories are the theory of feminism which consists of feminism in general, the Third World feminism ideas and review of women in Pakistan and India.

A. Review of Related Theories 1. Feminism Approach

Rohberger and Woods say that literature is one of the works of art that has aesthetic values. Literature is written by human as expression of particular personalities and from all sorts of motives. Literature are works that are merely potential until they are read and understood by the readers. In their book entitled An Introduction to Poetry , Kennedy and Gioia state that literary criticism is more than a discussion about literature. It is not an abstract or an intellectual problem; it is a natural human response to literature. Literary criticism just tries to help readers better understand literary works as cited in Palupi, 2010 p.7 9 In this study, I use feminist criticism to support the critical approaches. Humm 1992 states feminist criticism gives more adequate attention to women writers, a space to the women critic, and space to the idea of women theorists. According to Humm, feminist criticism shares three basic assumptions. The first means that gender influences the writing style and the ideology of each gender can be seen from a literary work. The style shows the ideology of each gender. For this reason, feminist criticism needs to include general interpretations of the cultural theory or ideology of each individual writer p. 6-7. The second major assumption is that there are sex-related writing strategies. Men and women use language in different ways on writing their literary work. They use different vocabularies and different kinds of sentences p. 7-8. The last assumption is that even if some male critics acknowledge the first two criticism above, the continuing traditions of which it is a part, uses male norms to exclude or undervalue female writing and scholarship p.8. Feminist theory critics or feminist approaches attempt to explain how men and women imbalance, due to gender, are reflected in literature text. In its diversity, feminism is concerned with the position of women in a secondary position, where women do not gain equal position with men. According to Goodman in Literature and Gender, feminist literary criticism is an academic approach to the study of literature which applies feminist thought to the analysis of literary texts and the contexts of their production and reception. It has developed in recent years into a fascinating and highly specialized field with a