The Objectives of the Study The Benefits of the Study

7 individual topics and to units and then to complete courses. The eight plans can be described as follows: 1 Goals, Topics, and General Purposes Kemp stated that instructional design planning starts with recognition of the broad goals of the school system or institution. The educational programme is then developed to serve those goals. Within curriculum areas or courses, topics are chosen for study, for each of which the teacher explicitly expresses the general purposes what students generally are expected to learn as a result of instruction. From this statement, it can be said the steps starting from goals derived from the school system, then it moves to the selection of the topics that is interconnected with the curriculum, then it moves to the selection of the general purposes that are chosen by the teacher concerning with the students’ needs. 2 The Learners’ Characteristics Kemp stated that to best assure an individual’s success in the designer’s educational programme, the designer should recognize and respect the students as individual learners. Here, Kemp divides the learners’ characteristic into two factors, which are academic and social factors. It means that by knowing the learners’ characteristic, it will help to achieve the goal, topics, and general purposes that have been stated in the first step. In other word learners’ characteristics are very important to guarantee the success of the educational programme. 3 Learning Objectives Kemp said that learning requires active effort by the learner. Thus, all objectives must be stated in terms of activities that will best promote learning. It PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI 8 means that a good teacher should bring the objectives in his class to the students to show the students the relevance between the objectives and what topics they are studying. 4 Subject Content Kemp stated that a student’s learning experiences must involve subject content. The content, in turn, must be closely related to the objectives and to the student’s needs. In other words, the subject content should be included in the steps of designing the materials because it is closely interconnected with the objectives and the students’ needs. 5 Pre-assessment Kemps said that in order to know the readiness of the students to study topic, unit and competence of the students in the stated objectives the educational programmer should have a placement and diagnostic tests as ways of determining the students’ background in the subject and as guides for grouping them. From this statement, it can be said that placement and diagnostic test will be helpful for the educational programmer to re-examine the topics and the stated objectives in order to help the designer to group the students based on their background knowledge. 6 TeachingLearning Activities, Resources Kemp stated that the educational programmer must determine the most efficient and effective methods and then select materials to provide learning experiences that will utilize the content associated with each objective. In other words, selecting the teaching learning activities is important in order to achieve the stated objectives. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI