Definition of Terms INTRODUCTION

8 means that a good teacher should bring the objectives in his class to the students to show the students the relevance between the objectives and what topics they are studying. 4 Subject Content Kemp stated that a student’s learning experiences must involve subject content. The content, in turn, must be closely related to the objectives and to the student’s needs. In other words, the subject content should be included in the steps of designing the materials because it is closely interconnected with the objectives and the students’ needs. 5 Pre-assessment Kemps said that in order to know the readiness of the students to study topic, unit and competence of the students in the stated objectives the educational programmer should have a placement and diagnostic tests as ways of determining the students’ background in the subject and as guides for grouping them. From this statement, it can be said that placement and diagnostic test will be helpful for the educational programmer to re-examine the topics and the stated objectives in order to help the designer to group the students based on their background knowledge. 6 TeachingLearning Activities, Resources Kemp stated that the educational programmer must determine the most efficient and effective methods and then select materials to provide learning experiences that will utilize the content associated with each objective. In other words, selecting the teaching learning activities is important in order to achieve the stated objectives. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI 9 7 Support Services Kemp included funds, facilities, equipment, and personnel whose time must be scheduled for participation in the instructional plan. It can be said that the facilities that are stated by Kemp support the teaching learning activities because when the facilities are not available it may hinder the planned programme. 8 Evaluation Kemp stated that evaluation is the payoff step in the instructional design plan. When the designer has the evaluation it means that the designer is ready to measure the learning outcomes relating to the objectives. From this statement, it means that evaluation is an important element to measure the accomplishment of the stated objectives in order to help the designer to revise the instructional design or not. Revision Learner Characteristic Learning Objective Subject Content Pre- assessment TeachingLearn -ing Activities Resources Evaluation Support Service Goals, Topics and General Purposes Figure 1. Models of Instructional System Kemps, 1977: 9 b. Yalden’s model Yalden 1983: 88 divided the instructional design into seven steps, which are: