1. Informative texts: which are mostly documents that transfer information and
facts. These types of documents can most likely be translated according to Nida‟s mix of formal- dynamic equivalence approach, and Newmark‟s
communicative approach. 2.
Expressive texts: Aesthetic style is present heavily in the text, transferring images and emotions through the language of the text. It is best to tackle it
semantically and formally staying as close as possible to the author. 3.
In vocative texts, if a communicative translation is pursued then equivalent effect will be sought. This type of texts usually aimed at persuasion and
behavior influence. Therefore, it will be so much important to transfer the meaning that adapts
–or with equivalent effect- in the TL culture.
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Normally, communicative translation used to translate the particular text, mainly publicity, propaganda, persuasive or eristic writing, and perhaps popular
fiction or book for children.
E. Process of Translation
The process of translation can be defined as the activity of translation. The translation process is usually used by a translator as a guide in translating text from
the source language into the target language. The process of translation consists of three steps: analyze texts of source language, transfer, restructuring.
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18
Peter Newmark, op. cit., 1988, pp. 39-41
19
E. A. Nida, op. cit., p. 33
1. Analysis
Before translating the texts, translators should analyze the whole of text from the first until the end. It aims to know the type of text. While reading the text, the
translators make a note about word, phrase, clause, the meaning of the word, culture, grammatical relationship and even individual life of author.
2. Transfer
In this stage, translators demanded to transfer the content or message that exists in the source language. It could be said that this stage is one of difficult steps in
translation because translators must be very competent in seeking the equivalent meaning between source language and target language.
3. Restructuring
Restructuring is the last stage in translation by reviewing the result and combining the two texts. The purpose of this restructuring is producing the translation
that has same meaning and acceptable in target language. This phase includes the unity of idea, style, and translation acceptable.
F. Translation Procedures
Newmark lists the translation procedure as follow: a.
Transference: it is the process of transferring an SL word to a TL text. SL: Menu
TL: Menu
b. Naturalization: it adapts the SL word first to the normal pronunciation, then to
the normal morphology of the TL. SL: Ice Cream
TL: Es Krim c.
Cultural equivalent: it means replacing a cultural word in the SL with a TL text.
SL: Porto Bello Road TL: Porto Bello Road
d. Functional equivalent: it requires the use of a culture-neutral word.
SL: The House of Common TL: Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat MPR
e. Descriptive equivalent: in this procedure the meaning of the text is explained
in several words. The translators add some description that has correlation to make the sentence easier to understand.
SL: They were celebrating their annual Thanksgiving Day. TL: Mereka merayakan hari memperingati panen tahunan.
f. Componential analysis: it means comparing an SL word with a TL word
which has a similar meaning but is not an obvious one-to-one equivalent, by demonstrating first their common and then their differing sense components.
SL: He‟s been stayed for 2 months in his new Bungalow. TL: Dia telah menempati rumah barunya selama dua bulan.
