to know how the communicative translation occurs in the text and how the way translator translates it.
B. The Concept of Communicative Translation
According to Nida and Teber, translation is “consists of reproducing in the
receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style”.
7
Besides, Pinchuck defines that translation is
“a process of finding a TL target language equivalent for an SL source language utterance.
8
Peter Newmark defines that translation is “rendering
the meaning of text into another language in the way that the author intended the text”.
9
Basically translation is the language transfer of a source language into other language or target language in the way to convey the message to TL readers.
To acquire good translation from SL to TL, the translators not only translate word by word but also they should pay attention in some aspects like language style,
culture, esthetic etc. During this transplanting process of texts from one language to another, the translators should try to make the TL readers understand the SL author‟s
thoughts, and make both the TL and SL readers share common ideas about the text. The main contribution of Newmark is that he analyzed two ways of
translation: communicative translation and semantic translation. Communicative translation attempts to produce on its readers an effect that obtained on the readers of
the original. Semantic translation attempts to render the exact meaning of the
7
E. A. Nida and C. R. Taber, The Theory and Practice of Translation, Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1982, p. 12
8
Isadore Pinchuck, Scientific and Technical Translation, London: Andre Deutsch, 1977, p. 38
9
Peter Newmark, A Textbook of Translation, London: Prentice-Hall. 1988, p. 5
original.
10
In other word, semantic translation is individual, follows one single person the author of the original text, while communicative translation is social,
concentrates on the message and the main force of the text and serves a large readership.
Most texts require communicative rather than semantic translation, since the number of informative and vocative texts far exceeds that of expressive texts.
Mostnon – literary writings comprise material suitable for communicative translation.
On the other hand, original expression, where the manner is as important as the matter, whether it is philosophical, political, technical or literary, needs to be
translated semantically. Autobiography, private correspondence and any other personal effusion also require a semantic translation, since the original is more
important than the effect on the reader. It is not thoughtful to say that a text requires a completely semantic or
communicative translation. In a literary text there may be a sentence, a paragraph or a section that requires communicative translation. For instance, when a figurative usage
can‟t be transferred or if transferred the form will be quite misleading or incomprehensible to the reader, and then it must be translated communicatively. On
the other hand, there may be part of non – literary writing that requires a semantic
translation. It is impossible to apply only one method to a text. The two methods are usually taken into use alternatively with varying focuses. And there are times when
the two methods can‟t be distinguished from each other. They actually become one.
10
Peter Newmark, 1988, op. cit., pp. 47-48
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