5. KESIMPULAN DAN SARAN
5.1 Kesimpulan
Rasio perbandingan sampel dan pelarut yang paling baik untuk mendapatkan ekstrak dengan total padatan tertinggi adalah 1:3. Nilai keasaman
pH ekstrak pada berbagai kondisi ekstraksi berkisar antara 2,78-2,86. Kondisi ekstraksi 100
o
C selama 30 menit menghasilkan TAT ekstrak rosella tertinggi sebesar 9,06 0,0906 ml 0,1 N NaOH100 ml ekstrak rosella. Total fenol
tertinggi didapat dari kondisi ekstraksi 100
o
C 30 menit pada taraf signifikansi p = 0,07 sebesar 0,67 mg GAEg rosella basah kadar air 81 bb.
Pada ekstrak awal, perbedaan interaksi suhu dan waktu ekstraksi tidak berpengaruh terhadap
daya inhibisi α-amilase dan α-glukosidase. Interaksi suhu dan waktu ekstraksi berpengaruh pada daya inhibisi lipase dengan taraf
signifikansi p = 0,1. Kisaran inhibisi ekstrak awal rosella terhadap enzim α-amilase, α-glukosidase dan lipase secara berurutan adalah 92,93-98,65; 82,65-
93,53 dan 85,78-94,17.
Dibandingkan dengan ekstrak awal, ekstrak yang diberi perlakuan pH simulasi sistem pencernaan menunjukkan penurunan daya inhibisi untuk ketiga
enzim. Kisaran daya inhibisi enzim α-amilase adalah 8,48-40,39, sedangkan
kisaran daya inhibisi enzim lipase adalah 2,64-41,15. Daya inhibisi
α-amilase terbaik pada ekstrak yang mengalami perlakuan pH sistem pencernaan didapat pada hasil ekstraksi 70
o
C 15 menit sebesar 40,39. Semua ekstrak rosella yang mengalami perlakuan pH sistem pencernaan tidak lagi
memiliki daya inhibisi α-glukosidase. Daya inhibisi enzim lipase terbaik pada
ekstrak yang mengalami perlakuan pH sistem pencernaan didapat dari hasil ekstraksi 100
o
C sebesar 33,85-41,15. Kinetika penghambatan ekstrak rosella terhada kerja enzim α-amilase pankreas babi adalah penghambatan unkompetitif.
5.2 Saran
Studi lebih lanjut tentang bentuk konformasi enzim pada pH asam perlu dilakukan untuk melihat pengaruh bentuk konformasi terhadap aktivitas enzim.
Diperlukan studi tentang bentuk asam hidroksisitrat HCA pada pH tubuh 6,8- 7,0 dan komponen-komponen fenol yang tahan terhadap panas. Penelitian lebih
lanjut tentang ekstrak rosella yang mengalami perlakuan detanisasi penghilangan kadar tanin perlu dilakukan untuk melihat aktivitas ekstrak dalam uji daya
inhibisi enzim.
DAFTAR PUSTAKA
A Finger. 1994. In-vitro studies on the effect of polyphenol oxidase and
peroxidase on the formation of polyphenolic black tea constituents. Jounal of the Science of Food and Agriculture
66: 293-305 Agoreyo FO, Agoreyo BO, Onuorah MN. 2008. Effect of Aqueous Extract of
Hibiscus Sabdariffa and Zingiber Officinale on Blood Cholesterol and
Glucose Levels on Rats. AJB 21: 3949-3951. Aleshin AE, Firsov LM, Honzatko RB. 1994. J.Bio Chem. 269: 15631
–15639. Dalam Robyt JF. 2005. Inhibition, Activation, and
Stabilizationof α- amylase Family Enzymes. Biologia. 16: 17-26.
Ali H, Houghton PJ, Soumyanath A. 2006. Alpha-amylase Inhibitory Activity of Some Malaysian Plants Used to Treat Diabetes; with Particular Reference to
Phyllanthus amarus. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 107 3: 449-455.
Al Shoosh WAB. 1997. Chemical Composition of Some Roselle {Hibiscus sabdariffa
Genotypes, Thesis Faculty of Agriculture. University of Khartoum.
Anokwuru CP, Esiaba I, Ajibaye O, Adesuyi AO. 2011. Polyphenolic Content and Antioxidant Activity of Hibiscus sabdariffa Calyx. Research Journal of
Medicinal Plant 55: 557-566.
Anonim, 2008. Mukaddimah Manfaat Rosella. http: www. Ict-100-1001- refineries-1068-1-mukadima.com. [ 9 November 2010].
Anonim. 2009. Tahun 2030 Prevalensi Diabetes Melitus di Indonesia Mencapai 21.3 juta orang. http:www.depkes .go.id [11 November 2010].
Anonim. 2010. Lipase. http:www.wikipedia.com [ 21 Desember 2010] Anonim. 2011. Extension Circular Hibiscus http:www.suagcenter.com [21
Desember 2010] Apriyantono A, Fardiaz D, Puspitasari NL, Sedarnawati, Budijanto S. 1989.
Petunjuk Laboratorium Analisis Pangan. IPB. Bogor.
Ardiansyah. 2006. Bawang Putih Untuk Kesehatan. Lab. Of Nutrition, Tohoku
University Sendai, Jepang. Askandar T. 1993. Diabetes Mellitus di Dalam Masyarakat Indonesia. Buletin
Penelitian Kesehatan . 21:42-62
Astawan M. 2009. Hand Out Metode Evaluasi Nilai Biologis Komponen Pangan. Sekolah Pascasarjana IPB. Bogor.
Ayerdi SGS, Arranz S, Serrano J, Goni I. 2007. Dietary Fiber Content and Associated Antioxidant Compounds in Roselle Flower Hibiscus sabdariffa
L. Beverage. Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spain. Bachtez M. 1948. Mexican Drugs, Plants and Foods. IX Hibiscus acid. Giencia
mex 43:7644. Balagopalan C, Padmaja G, Nanda SK, Moorthy SN. 1988. Cassava in Food.
Feed and Industry. CRC Press. Boca Raton. Bayer. 2004. Precose Acarbossse Tablets. http:www.drugs.com [12 Juli 2011]
Berdanier CD, Dwyer J, Feldman EB. 2006. Handbook of Nutrition and Food Second Edition. CRC Press.
Bernfeld P. 1951. Enzymes of Starch Degradation and Synthesis. p. 379-428. Dalam : Advances in Enzymology, Nord. F.F. Ed, Interscience Publishers,
New York. Bhandari MR, Jong-Anurakkun N, Hong G, Kawabata J. 2008. Alpha-
Glucosidase and Alpha-amylase Inhibitory Activities of Nepalese Medicinal Herb Pakhanbhed Bergenia ciliata, Haw.. J Food Chem 106 1: 247-252.
Bloch DR. 2006. Organic Chemistry Demystified. The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Bokura H, Kobayashi S. 2003. Chitosan Decreases Total Cholesterol in Women: a Randomized, Double Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial. EJCN 57: 721-25.
Brzozowski AM, Daveis MJ. 1997. Biochemistry 36: 10837 –10845. Dalam Robyt
JF. 2005. Inhibition, Activation, a nd Stabilizationof α-amylase Family
Enzymes. Biologia. 16: 17-26. Cai YZ, Luo Q, Sun M, Corkea H. 2004. Antioxidant Activity and Phenolic
Compound of 112 Traditional Chinese Medicinal Plants Associated With Anticancer. Life Sciences 74: 2157-2184.
Capecka E, Marcezeek A, Leja M.2005. Antioxidant activity of fresh and dry Herbs of some Lamiciae species. J Food Chemistry 93:223-226.
Carjavall-zarrabal O, et al. 2005. The Consumption of Hibiscus Sabdariffa Dried Calyx Ethanolic Extract Reduced Lipid Profile in Rats. Plant Foods for
Human Nutrition 60: 153-159
Cengiz S, Cavaz L, Yurdakoc K. 2010. Alpha-amylase Inhibition Kinetics by Caulerpenyne. Mediteranian Marrine Research.
Celleno L, MV Tolaini, A D’amore, NV Perricone, HG Preuss. 2007. A Dietary Supplement Containing Standardized Phaseolus vulgaris Extract Influences
Body Composition of Overweight Men and Women. Journal Med Science 41 : 45-52.
Chethan S, Sreerama YN, Malleshi NG. 2008. Mode Of Inhibition Of Finger Millet Malt Amylases By The Millet Phenolics. Food Chemistry 111 1:
187-191. Christian KR, Nair MG, Jackson JC. 2006. Antioxidant and Cyclooxygenase
Inhibitory Activity of Sorrel Hibiscus sabdariffa. JFCA 19: 778-783. Chumsri P, Sirichote A, Itharat A. 2008. Studies on the optimum conditions for
the extraction and concentration of roselle Hibiscus sabdariffa Linn. extract. J Sci Technol 30:133-139.
Crozier A, Clifford MN, Ashihara H, editor. 2006. Plant Secondary Metabolites; Occurrence,Structure and Role in the Human Diet. Blackwell Publishing
Ltd. Crueger W Crueger A. 1984. Biotechnology: A Textbook of Industrial
Microbiology. Department of Bacteriology University of Wisconsin. Crushnet social winemarking. 2011. Titratable Acidity, Total Acidity,
TA.http:www. Crushpad.com [1 Juli 2011]. Diwakar SK dan Mishra SK. 2011. Purification and Biochemical Characterization
of Ionically Unbound Polyphenol Oxidase From Musa paradisiaca Leaf. Taylor and Francis. Group.
deMan JM. 1999. Principles of Food Chemistry Third Edition. A Chapman Hall Food Science Book.
Diana. 2010. Aktivitas Anti-Hiperglikemik Dari Minuman Fungsional Berbasis Kumis Kucing Orthosipon aristatus BI. Miq Secara In vitro dan Exvivo.
Skripsi Institut Pertanian Bogor. Bogor. Du CT, Francis FJ. 1973. Anthocyanins of roselle Hibiscus sabdariffa L. J. Food
Sci. 38 : 810-812. Duke. 2008. Rosella Hibiscus Sabdariffa. http:creasofft wordpress.com. [21
Desember 2010] Fardiaz S. 1989. Penuntun Praktikum Mikrobiologi Pangan. Fakultas Teknologi
Pertanian. Institut Pertanian Bogor, Bogor. Fasoyiro B, Babalola SO, Owosibo T. 2005. Chemical Composition and Sensory
Quality of Fruit-Flavoured Roselle Hibiscus sabdariffa Drinks. Journal of Agricultural Sciences
1 2: 161-164. Fred-Jaiyesimi A, Kio A, Richard W. 2009. Alpha-Amylase Inhibitory Effect of
3‚-olean-12-en-3-yl 9Z-hexadec-9-enoate Isolated from Spondias mombin Leaf. Food Chemistry 116 1: 285-288.
Ganong WF. 2003. Review of Medical Physiology. Widjajakusumah D, Irawati D, Siagian M, Moeloek D, Pendit BU, penerjemah; Widjajakusumah D,
editor. San Fransisco. Mc Graw Hill. Gao H, Huang Y, Gao B, Li P, Inagaki C, Kawabata J. 2007. Inhibitory Effect on
A-Glucosidase by Adhatoda Vasica Nees. Food Chemistry 108 2008 965 –
972 Griebel C. 1939. Hibiscus Flowers , a drug used in the Preparation of some
products which can be obtained from Hibiscus sabdariffa L. Boll studi. Informaz . Palermo 15: 73-95.
Gondoin A. Grussu D,Stewart D, McDougall GJ. 2010. White and Green Tea Polyphenols Inhibit Pancreatic Lipase Invitro. Food Research International
43 :1537 –1544
Hagerman AE. 2002. Condensed Tannin Structural Chemistry. Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University. Oxford.
Hakkinen S. 2000. Flavonols and Phenolic Acids in Berries and Berry Products. Doctoral Dissertation. Kuopio University Publications D. Medical Sciences
221 Hansawasdi C, Kawataba j, Kasai T. 2000.
α-amilase Inhibitor from Roselle Hibiscus Sabdariffa linn Tea. Laboratory of Food Biochemistry Hokkaido
University Japan. Heyne. 1987. Tumbuhan Berguna Indonesia. Badan Litbang Kehutanan, Jakarta.
Hirunpanich V, Upaiat A, Morales NP, Bunyapraphatsara N, Sato H, Herunsale A, Suthisiang C. 2005. Hypocholesterolemic and Antioxidant Effects of
Aqueous Extract From the Dried Calyx of Hibiscus Sabdariffa in Hypercholesterolemic Rats. JEP 103: 252-260.
Houghton JD, Hendry GAF. 1995. Natural Food Colorants. Springer Page.53-59. Ibrahium MEH, Karamalla KA, and Khattab, AH. 1971. Biochemical studies on
Karkade roselle. Hibiscus sabdariffa. Sud.J. Food. Sci and Tech. 3 1: 37-39
Jena BS, Jayaprakasha GK, Singh RP, Sakariah KK. 2002. Chemistry and Biochemistry of −-Hydroxycitric Acid from Garcinia. J Agric .Food Chem
50: 10−22 Jong-Anurakkun N, Bhandari M R, Kawabata J. 2006. A-Glucosidase Inhibitors
from Devil Tree Alstonia scholaris. Food Chemistry 103: 1319 –1323
Jo SH, Ka EH, Lee HS, Apostolidis E, Jang HD, Kwon YI. 2010. Comparison of Antioxidant Potential and Rat intestinal
α-Glucosidases inhibitory Activities of Quercetin, Rutin, and Isoquercetin. Journal of Applied Research in
Natural Products 24: 52-60.
Junge B, Boshagen H, Stoltefuss J, Muller L. 1980. pp. 123-137. Dalam Robyt JF. 2005. Inhibition, Activation, and
Stabilizationof α-amylase Family Enzymes. Biologia. 16: 17-26.
Kao ES, Tseng TW, Lee HJ, Chan KC, Wang CJ. 2006. Anthocyanin Extracted from Hibiscus Sabdariffa Atteuate Oxidized LDL-Mediated Foam Cell
Formation Involving Regulation of CD36 Gene. Chem bio int. 179: 212- 218.
Kevin Gould, Kevin MD, Chris W. 2008. Anthocyanins: Biosynthesis, Functions, and Applications. Springer Page.283-29
Khosravi HM, Khanabadi BAJ, Ardekani MA, Fatehi F. 2009. Effect of Sour Tea Hibiscus sabdariffa on Lipid Profile and Lipoproteins in Patients with
Type II Diabetes. Acm J 15: 889. Kijparkorn S, Somporn UJ, Ittitanawong WP. 2009. Antioxidant and Acidifier
Properties of Roselle Hibicussabdariffa Linn. Calyx Powder on Lipid Peroxidation, Nutrient Digestibility and Growth Performance in Fattening
Pigs. Thai J. Vet. Med. 391: 41-51
Kim D, Park KH, Robyt JF. 1998. J. Microbiol.Biotech-nol. 8: 287 –290. Dalam
Robyt JF. 2005. Inhibition, Activation, and Stabilizationof α-amylase
Family Enzymes. Biologia. 16: 17-26. Kim JS, Kwon CS, Son KH. 2000. Inhibition of Alpha-Glucosidase and Amylase
Buluteolin, a Flavonoid. Bioscience, Biotechnology, Biochemistry 6411: 2458-2461.
Kim Y dan Goodner KL. 2009. Anthocyanin And Polyphenolic Changes By Various Processing Treatments Of Purple Corn. www.sensusflavors.com [1
Juli 2011] Kirana C, P PF Rogers, LE Bennet, MY Abeywardena, GG Patten. 2005.
Naturally Derived Micelles for Rapid in vitro Screening of Potential Cholesterol-Lowering Bioactives. Journal of Agricultural Food Chemistry.
53: 4623-4627.
Lebovitz. 1997. Alpha-glucosidase inhibitor. Endrocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America. 26:539-551.
Lee SH et al. 2010. Dieckol Isolated from Ecklonia Cava Inhibits A-Glucosidase and A-Amylase In vitro and Alleviates Postprandial Hyperglycemia in
Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Mice. Journal Food and Chemical Toxicology
. 48: 2633 –2637.
Lehninger AL. 1994. Principles of Biochemistry. Thenawidjaja M, penerjemah; Jakarta: Penerbit Erlangga.
Lin J, Fera MAD, Baile CA. 2005. Green Tea Polyphenol Epigallocatechin Gallate Inhibits Adipogenesis and Induces Apoptosis in 3T3-L1 Adipocytes.
Obesity Research. Vol. 13. Lin TL et al. 2007. Hibiscus Sabdariffa Extracst Reduces Serum Cholesterol in
Men and Women. Nut res 27: 1401-45. Loizzo MR, Saab AM., Tundis R, Menichini F, Bonesi M, Piccolo V, Statti GA,
Cindio B, Houghton PJ, Menichini F. 2008. In vitro Inhibitory Activities of Plants Used in Lebanon Traditional Medicine Against Angiotensin
Converting Enzyme ACE and Digestive Enzymes Related to Diabetes. Journal of Ethnopharmacology
119 1: 109-116. Mardiah, Lukmanul Hakim , Lia Amalia , Agus Sulaeman, Zaldi Lesmana .
2009. Extraction Of Roselle Stem And Calyx Hibiscus sabdariffa L. As A Natural Red Dye. Universitas Juanda. Bogor.
Mardiah. 2010. Ekstraksi Kelopak Bunga Dan Batang Rosella hibiscus sabdariffa
l. Sebagai Pewarna Merah Alami. Unniversitas Juanda. Bogor. Marete E. Jacquier JC, ORiordan D. 2009. Effects of extraction temperature on
the phenolic and parthenolide contents, and colour of aqueous feverfew Tanacetumparthenium extracts. Food Chemistry 117: 226
–231. Marshall JJ and Lauda CM. 1975. Purification and Properties of Phaseolamin an
Inhibitor of α-amylase, from kidney bean. Phaseolus Vulgaris. Journal of
Biological Chemistry 25020: 8030-8037.
Mayur B, Sandez S, Shrutí S, Sung- Yum S. 2010. Antioxidant and α-Glucosidase
Inhibitory Properties of Carpesium abrotanoides L. Journal of Medical Plant Researc
h 415 : 1547-1553 Mc Dougall GJ, Kulkarni NN, Stewart D. 2008. Berry Polyphenols Inhibit
Pancreatic Lipase Activity In vitro. Journal of Food Chemistry 115; 193- 199.
Mc Ewan R, Madivha RP, Djarova T. Oyedeji OA. Opoku AR. α-amylase Inhibitor of amadumbe Colocasia esculenta: Isolation, purificationand
selectivity toward α-amylase from Various Sources. African Journal of
Biochemistry Research Vol. 49: 220-224 Milkowska K, Strzelecka H.1995. Flos Hibisci. The methods of identification and
estimation of crude drug. Ilerba.- Polonica. 41:11-16. Muchtadi D. 2010. Hand Out Kuliah. Metabolisme Seluler Komponen Pangan.
Pascasarjana Ilmu Pangan. Institut Pertanian Bogor. Muchtadi D, Palupi NS, Astawan M. 1993. Metabolisme Zat Gizi Sumber, Fungsi
dan Kebutuhan Bagi Manusia. Pustaka sinar harapan. Jakarta. Murray, R.K, Granner, D.K, Mayes, P.A dan Rodwell, V.K. 1997. Biokimia
Harper. Penerbit Buku Kedokteran EGC. Jakarta. Naczk M, T Nichols, D Pink, F Sosulski. 1994. Condensed Tannins in Canola
Hulls. J Agric Food Chem 42: 2196-2200. Nigam T Singh. 1995. Enzyme and Microbial System Involved in Sparch
Processing Starch. Enzyme Microb. Technol. 17; 770-778.
Nurochman R. 1986. Isolasi dan Penentuan Karakteristik Fisik Senyawa Alkaloid dari BuncisPhaseolus vulgaris. Abstrak. Penelitian tanaman obat di
beberapa perguruan tinggi di Indonesia. DEPKES RI. Jakarta. Obtrando. 2011. Rosella Hibiscus sabdariffa. http:obtrando.wordpress.com
[ 9 September 2011] Odland D and MS Eheart. 1975. Ascorbic acid, mineral and quality retention in
frozen broccoli blanched in water, steam and ammonia-steam. J. Food Sci 40: 1004-1007.
Pansera MR, Iob GA, Atti-Santos AC , Rossato, Atti-Serafini L, Cassel E. 2004. Extraction of Tannin by Acacia mearnsii with Supercritical Fluids. Brazilian
Archives of Biology and Technology an International Journal. Prakash L, Majeed M. 2008. Natural Actives Lend Color to Cosmetic and More.
Http: www.sabinsacosmetics.com [2 oktober 2010]. Permawati M. 2008. Karakterisasi Ekstrak Gandarusa Gendarussae folium.
Skripsi Universitas Indonesia. Jakarta. Prenesti E, Berto S, Daniele PG, Toso S. 2005. Antioxidant Power Quantification
and Cold Infusion of Hibiscus Sabdariffa Flower. Food Chem 100: 433- 438.
Puska P, Nishida, Porter. 2003. Obesity and Overweight. World Health Organization.
Qi Y, Chin KL, Malekian F, Berhane M, Gager J. 2005. Biological Characteristics, Nutritional, and Medical Value of Roselle, Hibiscus
sabdariffa . Agri res ext cent 604.
[RISKESDAS]. 2008. Laporan Hasil Riset Kesehatan Dasar RISKESDAS Nasional 2007. Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan Kesehatan.
Departemen Kesehatan RI Robyt JF. 2005. Inhibition, Activation, and Stabilizationof α-amylase Family
Enzymes. Biologia. 16: 17-26. Rostinawati T. 2009. Aktivitas Antibakteri Ekstrak Etanol Bunga Rosella
hibiscus sabdariffa l. Terhadap escherichia coli, salmonella typhi dan staphylococcus aureus
dengan Metode Difusi Agar. Universitas Padjadjaran. Jatinangor.
Schmidt DD et al. 1982. pp. 5-15.In: Creutzfeldt,W.ed. First International Symposium on Acarbose, Excerpta Medica, Amsterdam. Dalam Robyt JF.
2005. Inhibition, Activation, and Stabilizationof α-amylase Family Enzymes. Biologia. 16: 17-26.
Shai LJ et al . 2009. Yeast α Glucosidase Inhibitory and Antioxidant Activities of
Six Medicinal Plants Collected in Phalaborwa, South Africa. South African Journal of Botany
76 : 465 –470
Shimada T et al. 2009. Preventive Effect of Pine Bark Extract Flavangenol on Metabolic Disease inWestern Diet-Loaded Tsumura Suzuki Obese
DiabetesMice. Hindawi
Publishing Corporation
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine.
Shobana S, Sreerama YN, Malleshi NG. 2009. Composition and Enzyme Inhibitory Properties of Finger Millet Eleusine coracana L. seed Coat
Phenolics: Mode of Inhibition of α-glucosidase and Pancreatic Amylase. Food Chemistry,
115 4: 1268-1273. Silochem. 2010. Ikatan Kimia. http:www
. Silochem’s blog. Com. Slagle M. 2002.
α-glukosidase Inhibitors. Souther Med Journal [ 12 juli 2011] Strack D and Wray. 1992. Anthocyanins. InJ. B. Harborne ed..
TheFlavonoids:Advances in ResearchSince1986. Chapman Hall. London. Strokopytov B, Penninga D, Roseboom HJ, Kalk KH, Dijkhuizen L, Dijkstra BW.
1995. Biochemistry 34: 2234 –2240. Dalam Robyt JF. 2005. Inhibition,
Activation, and Stabilizationof α-amylase Family Enzymes. Biologia. 16: 17-26.
Strycharz S dan Shetty K. 2002. Effect of Agrobacterium Rhizogenes on Phenolic Content of Menthapulegium Elite Clonal Line for Phytoremediation
Applications Subardi, Nuryani, Pramono S. 2008. Biologi. Departemen Pendidikan Nasional.
Jakarta. Suhartono MT. 1989. Enzim dan Bioteknologi. Institut Pertanian Bogor. Bogor.
Suradikusuma, E. 1989. Kimia Tumbuhan. Depdikbud, Dirjen Dikti, PAU Ilmu Hayati, IPB, Bogor.
Sutedja L. 2005. Bioassay of Antidiabetes Based on α-Glucosidase Inhibitory Activity. In Functional foods Trends and challenges. Funct. Food Prod.
Technol. pp.309-315. Tadera K, Minami Y, Takamatsu K, Matsuoka T. 2006. Inhibition of
α- glukosidase and
α-amylase by flavonoids. J Nutr Sci. 52: 149-153 Taiz L, Zeiger E. 2002. Plant Physiology. 3
rd
. Snauer asocc. USA TDC Sénégal. 1997. Etude Technico-Économique Pour la Valorization du Bissap
Hibiscus sabdariffa L. Rapport Provisoire 87.
Tee PL, Yusof S, Mohamed S, Umar NA. Mustapha. 2002. Effect of Roselle Hibiscus sabdariffa L. on Serum lipid of Sprague Dawley Rats. Nutrition
and Food Science 32:190
–196 Teixeira VL, Rocha FD, Houghton PJ, Kaplan MAC, Pereira C. 2007. Alpha-
Amylase inhibitors from Brazilian seaweeds and their hypoglycemic potential. Fitoterapia,78 1: 35-36.
Thalapaneni NR, Chidambara KA, Ellappan T, Sabapithi ML, Mandal SC. 2008. Inhibition of Carbohydrate Digestive Enzymes by Talinum portulacifolium
Frossk Leaf extract. Journal of Complementary and integrative medicine 5; 11.
The Grape Seed Method Evaluation Committee. 2001. Grape Seed Extract white Paper. Http:www.activin.com [1 Juli 2011]
Tsai PJ, McIntosh J, Pearce P, Camden B, Jordan BR. 2001. Anthocyanin and Antioxidant Capacity in Roselle Hibiscus sabdariffa Extract. Food res int
35: 351-356. Tseng TH, Kao ES, Chu CY, Chou FP, Wu HWL, Wang JC. 1997. Protective
Effect of Dried Flower Extracts of Hibiscus Sabdariffa Against Oxidative Stress in Rat Primary Hepatocyte. Food chem toxic 35: 1159-1164.
Webb MR dan Ebeler SY. 2004. Comparative Analysis of Topoisomerase IB inhibition and DNA Intercalation by Flavonoids and Similiar Compound:
Structural Determinates of Activity. Biochemical Journal Immediate Publications.
WHO. 2003. Obesity and Overweight, Global Strategy on Diet Physical Activity and Health. http:www. WHO. Int [9 November 2010].
Widjanarko SB. 2008. Karakteristik Vitamin C. http:www. Fein, Food Energi Info.com [30 September 2011].
Wikipedia. 2011. Asam oksalat. http:www. Wikipedia. Com [4 September 2011] . 2011. Asam malat. http:www. Wikipedia. Com [4 September 2011]
. 2011. Asam sitrat. http:www. Wikipedia. Com [4 September 2011] Winarno FG. 1997. Enzim Pangan. PT Gramedia Pustaka Utama. Jakarta.
Winarti S, Sudaryanti, Usman DS. 2011. Karakteristik Dan Aktivitas Antioksidan
Rosela Kering Hibiscus sabdariffa L.. Seminar Nasional PATPI. Wiryawan A, Retnowati R, Sabarudin A. 2007. Kimia Analitik. Direktorat
Pembinaan Sekolah Menengah Kejuruan, Departemen Pendidikan Nasional. Xu Guihua, Ye Xingqian, Chen Jianchu, Liu Donghong . 2006. Effect of Heat
Treatment on the Phenolic Compounds and Antioxidant Capacity of Citrus Peel Extract. J. Agric. Food Chem. 55 2 : 330
–335 Yamada K, Murata T, Kobayashi K, Miyase T, Yoshizaki F. 2010. Lipase
Inhibitor Monoterpene and Monoterpene Glycosides from Monarda Punctata
. Phytochemistry 71 :1884 –1891
Lampiran 1.a Data Kadar Air Kelopak Rosella Kadar air = kehilangan berat g x 100
Sampel sebelum kering g
Kehilangan berat = berat sampel mula-mula – berat sampel setelah dikeringkan
Kadar air = 2- 0,38 x 100 2
= 81
Lampiran 1.b Data nilai pH ekstrak pH awal Kondisi Ekstraksi
Ulangan pH
70
O
C 15 menit 1
2,85 2
2,85 70
O
C 30 menit 1
2,85 2
2,85 85
O
C 15 menit 1
2,87 2
2,94 85
O
C 30 menit 1
2,80 2
2,90 100
O
C 15 menit 1
2,79 2
2,77 100
O
C 30 menit 1
2,78 2
2,94
Lampiran 2. Uji Anova nilai pH
Univariate Analysis of Variance
Tests of Between-Subjects Effects
Dependent Variable:pH Source
Type III Sum of Squares
df Mean Square
F Sig.
Corrected Model .016
a
5 .003
.941 .516
Intercept 97.413
1 97.413
2.858E4 .000
Waktu .000
1 .000
.061 .813
Suhu .007
2 .003
.971 .431
waktu suhu .009
2 .005
1.352 .328
Error .020
6 .003
Total 97.449
12 Corrected Total
.036 11
a. R Squared = ,440 Adjusted R Squared = -,027
Lampiran 3. Data total fenol Kurva standar
Kondisi Ekstraksi
Ulangan Absorbansi Konsentrasi
ppm Konsentrasi
mg GAEg rosella basah Rata-rata
70
O
C 15 menit 1
0,364 105,93
0,49 0,49
2 0,364
105,93 0,49
70
O
C 30 menit 1
0,404 115,02
0,53 0,53
2 0,405
115,25 0,53
85
O
C 15 menit 1
0,426 120,02
0,55 0,57
2 0,452
125,93 0,58
85
O
C 30 menit 1
0,404 112,75
0,52 0,55
2 0,459
127,52 0,59
100
O
C 15 menit 1
0,491 134,80
0,62 0,59
2 0,436
122,30 0,56
100
O
C 30 menit 1
0,544 146,84
0,68 0,67
2 0,543
146,61 0,67
Contoh perhitungan total fenol X : konsentrasi asam galat; y : absorbansi
Y = 0,0044x- 0,1021 0,364= 0,0044x
– 0,1021 X= 105,93 ppm
Konsentrasi mg GAEg = 105,93 mg asam galat x 230 ml
1000 ml ekstrak 50g = 0,49 mg GAEg
y = 0,0044x - 0,1021 R² = 0,9902
A b
sor b
ansi
Konsentrasi ppm
Kurva Standar Larutan Asam Galat
Lampiran 4. Uji Anova total fenol
Univariate Analysis of Variance
Tests of Between-Subjects Effects
Dependent Variable:fenol Source
Type III Sum of Squares
df Mean Square
F Sig.
Corrected Model .039
a
5 .008
9.922 .007
Intercept 3.865
1 3.865
4.882E3 .000
Waktu .004
1 .004
5.568 .056
Suhu .030
2 .015
19.168 .002
waktu suhu .005
2 .002
2.853 .135
Error .005
6 .001
Total 3.909
12 Corrected Total
.044 11
a. R Squared = ,892 Adjusted R Squared = ,802
Post Hoc Tests Suhu
Homogeneous Subsets
Fenol
Duncan
suhu N
Subset 1
2 3
70 4
.5100 85
4 .5600
100 4
.6325 Sig.
1.000 1.000
1.000 Means for groups in homogeneous subsets are displayed.
Based on observed means. The error term is Mean SquareError = ,001.
ANOVA
Fenol Sum of Squares
df Mean Square
F Sig.
Between Groups .039
5 .008
9.922 .007
Within Groups .005
6 .001
Total .044
11
Post Hoc Tests Interaksi
Homogeneous Subsets
Fenol
Duncan interaks
i N
Subset for alpha = 0.05 1
2 3
1 2
.4900 2
2 .5300
.5300 4
2 .5550
.5550 3
2 .5650
5 2
.5900 6
2 .6750
Sig. .067
.089 1.000
Means for groups in homogeneous subsets are displayed.
Lampiran 5. Data total asam tertitrasi Kondisi ekstraksi
sampel Ulangan
Berat sampel g ml 0,1 NaOH TAT
Rata-rata pH
70
O
C 15 menit 1
10,078 0,8
6,569 6,63
2,85 2
10,107 0,8
6,699 2,85
70
O
C 30 menit 1
10,098 0,7
5,404 5,43
2,85 2
10,109 0,7
5,449 2,85
85
O
C 15 menit 1
10,1 0,7
5,642 5,74
2,84 2
10,008 0,7
5,839 2,87
85
O
C 30 menit 1
10,026 0,7
5,600 5,57
2,8 2
10,102 0,7
5,532 2,9
100
O
C 15 menit 1
10,009 0,8
6,458 6,23
2,77 2
10,099 0,8
6,007 2,79
100
O
C 30 menit 1
10,034 1,1
9,130 9,06
2,94 2
10,106 1,1
8,986 2,78
Contoh perhitungan total asam tertitrasi: Total asam tertitrasi = ml 0,1 NaOH x N NaOH x Faktor Pengenceran x 100
gram ekstrak
6,569 = 0,8 x 0,08 x 10 x 100
10,078
Lampiran 6. Uji Anova total asam tertitrasi
Univariate Analysis of Variance
Tests of Between-Subjects Effects
Dependent Variable:totalasam Source
Type III Sum of Squares
Df Mean Square
F Sig.
Corrected Model 18.460
a
5 3.692
154.697 .000
Intercept 498.199
1 498.199
2.087E4 .000
Waktu .691
1 .691
28.961 .002
Suhu 8.985
2 4.493
188.236 .000
waktu suhu 8.784
2 4.392
184.025 .000
Error .143
6 .024
Total 516.802
12 Corrected Total
18.604 11
a. R Squared = ,992 Adjusted R Squared = ,986
Post Hoc Tests suhu
Homogeneous Subsets
Duncan
Suhu N
Subset 1
2 3
85 4
5.6525 70
4 6.0300
100 4
7.6475 Sig.
1.000 1.000
1.000 Means for groups in homogeneous subsets are displayed.
Based on observed means. The error term is Mean SquareError = ,024.
Waktu
Dependent Variable:total asam tertitrasi
waktu Mean
Std. Error 95 Confidence Interval
Lower Bound Upper Bound
15 6.203
.063 6.049
6.358 30
6.683 .063
6.529 6.838
ANOVA
Totalasam Sum of Squares
df Mean Square
F Sig.
Between Groups 18.460
5 3.692
154.697 .000
Within Groups .143
6 .024
Total 18.604
11
Post Hoc Tests Interaksi
Homogeneous Subsets
Duncan
kombinasi N
Subset 1
2 3
4 7030
2 5.4250
8530 2
5.5650 8515
2 5.7400
10015 2
6.2350 7015
2 6.6350
10030 2
9.0600 Sig.
.096 1.000
1.000 1.000
Means for groups in homogeneous subsets are displayed. Based on observed means.
The error term is Mean SquareError = ,024.
L ampiran 7.a. Data inhibisi ekstrak rosella pH awal terhadap enzim α-amilase
Bacillus sp Kondisi Ekstraksi
Ulangan Inhibisi Rata-rata
70 C, 15mnt
1 95,67
94,72 93,78
2 93,23
92,90 92,56
70 C, 30mnt
1 95,13
94,32 93,51
2 93,91
91,54 89,18
85 C, 15mnt
1 98,65
97,63 96,62
2 94,59
96,96 99,32
85 C, 30mnt
1 93,23
88,50 83,76
2 99,32
99,66 100,00
100 C, 15mnt
1 92,56
95,60 98,65
2 93,23
91,20 89,18
100 C, 30mnt
1 99,32
99,66 100,00
2 95,26
97,63 100,00
Lampiran 7.b. Data inhibisi ekstrak rosella pH saluran pencernaan terhadap enzim α-amilase Bacillus sp
Kondisi ekstraksi Ulangan Inhibisi Rata-rata
70 C, 15mnt
1 37,28
36,95 36,63
2 42,29
43,83 45,37
70 C, 30mnt
1 8,74
8,29 7,84
2 8,74
8,68 8,61
85 C, 15mnt
1 33,42
27,83 22,24
2 12,98
10,15 7,33
85 C, 30mnt
1 7,84
8,61 9,38
2 9,25
9,90 10,54
100 C, 15mnt
1 13,88
16,00 18,12
2 11,70
11,83 11,95
100 C, 30mnt
1 12,98
12,08 11,18
2 12,47
11,05 9,64
Lampiran 7. c. Data inhibisi Acarbosa terhadap kerja enzim α-amilase Bacillus sp
- pH awal Sampel
Inhibisi Rata-rata
Acarbosa 98,76
98,76 98,76
- pH simulasi sistem pencernaan Sampel
Inhibisi Rata-rata
Acarbosa 65,21
65,21 65,21
Lampiran 8. Uji Anova daya inhibisi ekstrak rosella terhadap enzim α-amilase Bacillus sp
a. pH awal
Univariate Analysis of Variance
Tests of Between-Subjects Effects
Source Type III Sum of
Squares df
Mean Square F
Sig. Corrected Model
70.461
a
6 11.744
1.030 .477
Intercept 117401.149
1 117401.149
1.030E4 .000
Waktu .442
1 .442
.039 .850
Suhu 16.711
2 8.356
.733 .514
waktu suhu 38.158
2 19.079
1.674 .255
Error 79.795
7 11.399
Total 127705.054
14 Corrected Total
150.256 13
a. R Squared = .469 Adjusted R Squared = .014
b. pH saluran pencernaan
Univariate Analysis of Variance
Tests of Between-Subjects Effects
Source Type III Sum of
Squares df
Mean Square F
Sig. Corrected Model
5363.791
a
6 893.965
33.466 .000
Intercept 10799.861
1 10799.861
404.298 .000
Waktu 638.502
1 638.502
23.903 .002
Suhu 320.246
2 160.123
5.994 .030
waktu suhu 465.677
2 232.838
8.716 .013
Error 186.988
7 26.713
Total 13555.130
14 Corrected Total
5550.780 13
a. R Squared = .966 Adjusted R Squared = .937
Post Hoc Tests suhu
Homogeneous Subsets
Duncan
suhu N
Subset 1
2 3
100 4
12.7410 85
4 14.1228
70 4
24.3250 control
2 65.0000
Sig. .745
1.000 1.000
Means for groups in homogeneous subsets are displayed. Based on observed means.
The error term is Mean SquareError = 26.713.
Waktu
Dependent Variable:amilase6.8
waktu Mean
Std. Error 95 Confidence Interval
Lower Bound Upper Bound
15 24.357
2.279 18.781
29.934 30
9.768 2.279
4.192 15.345
ANOVA
amilase6.8 Sum of Squares
Df Mean Square
F Sig.
Between Groups 5363.791
6 893.965
33.466 .000
Within Groups 186.988
7 26.713
Total 5550.780
13
Post Hoc Tests Interaksi
Homogeneous Subsets
Duncan
Interaksi N
Subset for alpha = 0.05 1
2 3
7030’ 2
8.4830 8530’
2 9.2545
10030’ 2
11.5680 10015’
2 13.9140
8515’ 2
18.9910 7015’
2 40.1670
Kontrol 2
65.0000 Sig.
.099 1.000
1.000 Means for groups in homogeneous subsets are displayed.
Lampiran 9. Data inhibisi ekstrak rosella pH awal terhadap enzim α-amilase pankreas babi
pH awal Kondisi Ekstraksi
Ulangan Inhibisi
Rata-rata 70
C, 15menit 1
95,43 96,15
96,88 2
82,45 84,14
85,82
Lampiran 10.a. Data inhibisi ekstrak rosella pH awal terhadap enzim α-glukosidase
Kondisi Ekstraksi Ulangan Inhibisi Rata-rata
70 C, 15mnt
1 91,77
90,59 89,41
2 95,29
96,47 97,65
70 C, 30mnt
1 97,65
92,94 88,24
2 89,41
91,77 94,12
85 C, 15mnt
1 88,24
88,24 88,24
2 88,24
87,65 87,06
85 C, 30mnt
1 84,70
85,88 87,06
2 89,41
90,59 91,77
100 C, 15mnt
1 89,41
88,82 88,24
2 78,82
76,47 74,12
100 C, 30mnt
1 88,24
84,12 80,00
2 94,118
94,706 95,294
Lampiran 10.b. Data inhibisi ekstrak rosella pH pencernaan terhadap enzim α-glukosidase
Kondisi ekstraksi Ulangan Inhibisi Rata-rata
70 C, 15mnt
1 37,28
36,95 36,63
2 42,29
43,83 45,37
70 C, 30mnt
1 8,74
8,29 7,84
2 8,74
8,68 8,61
85 C, 15mnt
1 33,42
27,83 22,24
2 12,98
10,15 7,33
85 C, 30mnt
1 7,84
8,61 9,38
2 9,25
9,90 10,54
100 C, 15mnt
1 13,88
16,00 18,12
2 11,70
11,83 11,95
100 C, 30mnt
1 12,98
12,08 11,18
2 12,47
11,05 9,64
Lampiran 10.c. Data inhibisi acarbosa terhadap enzim α-glukosidase
- pH awal Sampel Inhibisi Rata-rata
Acarbosa 100,00
100,00 100,00
- pH saluran pencernaan Sampel Inhibisi Rata-rata
Acarbosa 100,00
100,00 100,00
Lampiran 11. Uji Anova daya inhibisi ekstrak rosella terhadap enzim α-
glukosidase
a. pH awal
Univariate Analysis of Variance
Tests of Between-Subjects Effects
Dependent Variable:gluksidase Source
Type III Sum of Squares
df Mean Square
F Sig.
Corrected Model 354.662
a
6 59.110
2.561 .122
Intercept 107785.848
1 107785.848
4.669E3 .000
Waktu 11.533
1 11.533
.500 .503
Suhu 100.746
2 50.373
2.182 .183
waktu suhu 35.696
2 17.848
.773 .497
Error 161.594
7 23.085
Total 115403.581
14 Corrected Total
516.256 13
a. R Squared = .687 Adjusted R Squared = .419
Lampiran 12.a. Data inhibisi ekstrak rosella pH awal terhadap kerja enzim lipase Kondisi Ekstraksi Ulangan Inhibisi
Rata-rata 70
C, 15mnt 1
89,66 88,95
88,24 2
91,31 90,21
89,11 70
C, 30mnt 1
88,96 89,59
90,21 2
94,71 94,76
94,81 85
C, 15mnt 1
89,16 89,39
89,61 2
96,33 95,73
95,13 85
C, 30mnt 1
97,43 97,03
96,63 2
90,73 91,35
91,96 100
C, 15mnt 1
85,51 86,14
86,76 2
85,44 85,95
86,46 100
C, 30mnt 1
85,32 85,61
85,91 2
85,81 85,95
86,09
Lampiran 12.b. Data inhibisi ekstrak rosella pH pencernaan terhadap kerja enzim lipase
Kondisi Ekstraksi Ulangan Inhibisi
Rata-rata 70
C, 15menit 1
6,54 6,35
6,15 2
6,44 6,78
7,12 70
C, 30menit 1
5,00 6,06
7,12 2
7,40 6,01
4,62 85
C, 15menit 1
0,00 0,00
0,00 2
7,12 5,29
3,46 85
C, 30menit 1
4,52 5,43
6,35 2
2,50 4,09
5,67 100
C, 15menit 1
50,58 49,33
48,078 2
32,98 32,98
32,98 100
C, 30menit 1
31,73 36,11
40,48 2
31,92 31,59
31,25
Lampiran 13. Uji Anova daya inhibisi ekstrak rosella terhadap enzim lipase
a. pH awal Univariate Analysis of Variance