15
Clothes as cultural terms may be sufficiently explained for TL general readers if the generic noun or classifier is added: e.g. ‘shintigin
trousers’ or ‘Basque skirt’, or again, if the particular is of no interest, the generic word can simply replace it. Traditionally, upper-class mens clothes
are English and womens French but national costumes when distinctive are not translated, e.g. sari, kimono, yukata, jeans kaftan, jubbah
Transport is dominated by American and the car, a female pet in English, a bus, a motor, a crate, a sacred symbol in many countries of
sacred private property. The system has spawned new features with their neologisms: lay-by’, ’roundabout’ ’traffic circle’, ’fly-over’, ’interchange’
eckangeur. Now, the names of planes and cars are often near- internationalisms for educated readerships: ‘747’, 727s, DC-IO, jumbo jet,
’Mini’, ’Metro’, ’Ford’, ’BMW’, ’Volvo’.
c. Social Culture
In considering social culture one has to distinguish between denotative and connotative problems of translation. There is rarely a
translation problem, since the words can be transferred, have approximate one-to-one
translation or
can be
functionally denned,
pork- butcherhardware, cake or hat or chocolate shop, cake shop with cafe.
Whilst many trades are swallowed up in super- and hypermarkets and shopping centres and precincts centre commercial, zone pitonmerey
Einkaufszenvrum crafts may revive.
16
As a translation problem, this contrasts with the connotative difficulties of words like: the people; the common people; the masses;
the working class la classe ouvriere; the proletariat; the working classes; the hoi polloi Cihe piebsy, les gens du commun; la plebe; the lower
orders; classes infirieures. The masses and the people can be used positively and negatively, but again are more rarely used. ’The ‘masses’
have become swallowed up in collocations such as mass media and mass market’. Ironically, the referent of these terms is no longer poor, a toiler or
a factory worker.
d. Social organization
The political and social life of a country is reflected in its institutional terms. Where the title of a head of state President, Prime
Minister’, ’King’ or the name of a parliament Assembler Nationale, Camera dei Deputati or Senate are transparent, that is, made up of
international or easily translated morphemes; they are thro ugh-translated National Assembly, Chamber of Deputies. A government inner circle is
usually designated as a cabinet or a council of ministers and may informally be referred to by the name of the capital city. Some ministries
and other political institutions and parties may also be referred to by their familiar alternative terms, i.e., the name of the building -Elysee, Hotel
Matignon, Palais Bourbon, Pentagon, White House, Momecitorio, Westminster -or the streets- ’Whitehall’, ’Via delle Borteghe Oscure’
Italian Communist Party.
17
Names of ministries are usually literally translated, provided they are appropriately descriptive. Therefore Treasury becomes Finance
Ministry’; ’Home Office’, ’Ministry of the Interior’; ‘attorney- general, ’chief justice’, or the appropriate cultural equivalent; ’Defence Ministry,
Ministry of National Defence. Translations such as Social Domain and ’Exchange Domain’ Guinea should be replaced by ’Social Affairs’ and
‘Trade’. In general, the more serious and expert the readership, particularly
of textbooks, reports and academic papers, the greater the requirement for transference - not only of cultural and institutional terms, but of titles,
addresses and words used in a special sense. Within the limits of comprehension, the more that is transferred and the less that is translated,
then the closer the sophisticated reader can get to the sense of the original - this is why, when any important word is being used in a special or a
delicate sense in a serious text, a serious translator, after attempting a translation, will add the SL word in brackets, signalling his inability to find
the right TL word and inviting the reader to envisage the gap mentally. A translators basic job is to translate and then, if he finds his translation
inadequate, to help the reader to move a little nearer to the meaning. 1 International terms
International institutional terms usually have recognized translations which are in fact through-translations, and are now
generally known by their acronyms; WGO Weltgesundheits
Organization; ILO, BIT Bureau International du Travail, IAA
18
Internationales Arbeitsami, In other cases, the English acronyms prevails and becomes a quasi-inter nationalism, not always resisted in
French ’UNESCO’, ’FAO’, ’UNRRA’, ’UNICEF’. 2 Religious terms
In religious language, the proselytizing activities of Christianity, particularly the Catholic Church and the Baptists, are reflected in
manifold translation Saint-Siege, Papsilicker Stuhl. The language of the other world religions tends to be transferred when it becomes of TL
interest, the commonest words being naturalized Pharisees- American Bible scholars and linguists have been particularly exercised
by cultural connotation due to the translation of similes of fruit and husbandry into languages where they are inappropriate.
3 Artistic terms The translation of artistic terms referring to movements,
processes and organizations generally depends on the putative knowledge of the readership. For educated readers, ’opaque’, names
such as
‘the Leipzig
Gewandhaus’ and
the Amsterdam
Concertgebouw’ are transferred, the Dresden Staatskapelle’ hovers between transference and ’state orchestra’; ’transparent’ names ’the
Berlin’, ’the Vienna’, ’the London’ philharmonic orchestras, etc. are translated. Names of buildings, museums, theatres, opera houses, are
likely to be transferred as well as translated, since they form part of street plans and addresses.
19
Many terms in art and music remain Italian, but French in ballet e.g. fouette, pas de deux. Art nouveau in English and French becomes
Jugendstil in German and stile liberty in Italian. Such terms tend to transference when they are regarded faits de civilization, i.e., cultural
features, and to naturalization if their universality is accepted.
e. Gesture and Habits
For ’gestures and habits’ there is a distinction between description and function which can be made where necessary in ambiguous cases: thus,
if people smile a little when someone dies, do a slow hand-clap to express warm appreciation, spit as a blessing, nod to dissent or shake their head to
assent, kiss their finger tips to greet or to praise, give a thumbs-up to signal OK, all of which occur in some cultures and not in others
Beside that, Newmark shall summarize the cultural categories and offer some typical examples:
23
1 Ecology ; Flora, fauna, winds, plains, hills, honeysuckle, downs. 2 Material Culture ;
a Food b Clothes
c Houses and towns d Transport
3 Social culture- work and leisure 4 Organization, customs, ideas, activities, legal, procedures
23
Peter Newmark, Text Book of Translation. Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1998. p. 95
20
a Political and administrative b Religious
c Artistic d Gesture and habit : rocking s
D. The Concept of Ideology Translation
As mentioned earlier in the background of study, according to Hoed, ideology of translation is principles or beliefs about right and wrong or good
and bad in translation, that is about what type of translation is best for people or what kind of translation which is suitable and can be preference to target
language readers.
24
Venuti declare that translation is a rewriting of an original text. All rewritings, whatever their intention, reflect a certain ideology and
such manipulate literature to function in a given society given way.
25
From the statement, the term of social becomes one of complement in the explanation of
translation ideology. Not only translator’s ideology, but also implicitly the ideology of a group or community reader is reflected in the work of
translation, whether is right or not, good or not. So that the work can be accepted.
Now, the question is what kind of translation product can be accepted by many target language readers? Then, the translation ideology that can be
admitted for many social group of the target language? According to Benny Hoed ideology of translation is the principles or beliefs about “correct or
24
Ika Kartika, “Penerjemahan Beroanotasi Just Tell Me What to Say,” 2010, p. 8
25
Lawrance Venuti, The Translator’s Invisibility: A History of Translator, London: Routladge, 1995, p. vii
21
wrong” and “good or not” in translation. Of course, that is so relative to talk about the principle of “correct or wrong” and “good or bad” in translation,
because the translator or reader have different criterion to seeing good translation.
Beside that Hatim Mason said, ideology encompasses the reticent assumptions beliefs and value system which are shared collectively by social
group.
26
They make a distinction between “the ideology of translating” and “the translation of ideology”. The ideology of translating refers to the notion
of foreignizing source language oriented and domesticating receptor language oriented. Foreignizing and domesticating are very broad term that
cover many translation procedures, since the ideology of translating influences a translator in deciding the procedure will be used that comprises deciding text
will be translated, solving the problem, the role of translator and how a text be accepted in literary system of receptor language.
27
Meanwhile, the translation of ideology is the mediation, interference, and distortion that the translator
does when he translates the sensitive text by inserting his knowledge and beliefs into translated text. However in this research, the writer will discuss
about the notion of ideology of translating adapted from Venuti’s theory.
26
Basil Hatim and Ian Mason, The Translator as Communicator, London and New York: Routledge, 1997, p. 144
27
Tresnati S. Sholichin. “Penerjemahan Karya dan Penerjemahan Buku Anak”. Jurnal Lintas Bahasa No. 23XI82003 Depok: Pusat Penerjemahan Fakultas Ilmu Budaya Universitas
Indonesia, 2003, p. 3.
22
The choice between communicative and semantic is partly determined by orientation towards the social or the individual, that is, towards the
readership or towards the individual voice of the text producer.
28
But it is all about Venuti, who brings out the ideological consequences of the choice. And Responding to this, which is about the differences principle
on translation as to what is more commonly accepted in most societies. Thus, Venuti observes and declares things that are two ideologies though he did not
state directly as an ideology which lead to the two opposite sides, that is domestication and foreignization.
1. Domestication
According to Venuti, domesticating is “an ethnocentric reduction of the foreign text to target language cultural values, bring the author back
home.”
29
Hatim and Mason also said that “domestication holds within a translation situation in which the target language, not the source language,
is culturally dominant.”
30
Beside that Benny Hoed said “domestication is making the readers aware that they are not reading a translation.”
31
It means the way translator carries the message by aiming the target text as
their orientation. In this ideology, many translators try to convey the
28
Basil Hatim and Ian Mason, The Translator as Communicator, London and New York: Routledge, 1997, p., p. 145
29
Lawrance Venuti, The translator’s Invisibility: A History of translator. New York: Routladge, 1995, p. 5
30
Basil Hatim and Ian Mason, The Translator as Communicator, London and New York: Routledge, 1997, p. 145
31
Benny Hoedoro Hoed, Penerjemahan dan Kebudayaan Bandung: Dunia Pustaka Jaya: 2006, p. 84
23
message fluently and they often, conscious or unconsciously, make themselves invisible on their product. As Venuti declares:
“A fluent translation is immediately recognizable and intelligible, “familiarized,” domesticate, not disconcerting [ly]” foreign, capable
of giving the reader unobstructed “access to great thought, to what is “present to original.” Under the regime of fluent translating, the
translator works to make his or her work “invisible,” producing the illusory effect of transparency that simultaneously masks its status as
am illusion: the translated text seem “natural”, i.e., not translated”
32
From this statement, the word natural itself has a meaning that translators attempt to create a translated text as if it does not look like
translation text. Here, the translators create many transparency for themselves that is to make them invisible on their products. Moreover, it
describes a fluent translation which drew in the domesticating process where the translators try to present as much as possible understandable
words to foreign reader. According to Nida and Taber “The priority of the audience over
the forms of the language means essentially that one must attach greater importance to the forms understood and accepted by the audience for
which a translation is designed than to the forms which may process a longer linguistic tradition or have greater literary prestige.”
33
. From this statement it means the reader becomes the first priority of the translation
because it is properly planned to be the foreign audience. Familiarly, domesticating translation is used in literary text. The
foreign text is rewritten in domestic dialects and discourse, registers and
32
Lawrance Venuti 1995, op.cit., p. 5
33
Ibid p. 5
24
styles, and these result in the production of textual effect that signify only in the history of the domestic language and culture.
34
. and here is the example from domestication.
This is some example from domestication translation, like where the source language is “Sans Famille” translated as “Sebatang Kara”.
35
Their translation uses are limited, since there are no accurate, but they can be used in general text. And in this translation, the translator shows the
sweet rhyme and meter of target language. It means the translator want to bring the emotion from the readers to follow the story line and understand
to the value from the textsource language. they have a greater pragmatic impact than culturally neutral terms.
On the other side, Cohen argues, “the risk of reducing individual authors’ style and national tricks of speech to a plain prose uniformity,”
he felt that this “danger” was avoided by the “best” translation.
36
it means, the more not clear the author to translate the text can be dangerous,
because it will reduce the message’s intensity of the author itself.
2. Foreignization
Venuti said, “an ethno deviant pressure on those values to register the linguistic and cultural difference of the foreign text, sending the reader
abroad”
37
. It means, in foreignization translation, the translators try to
34
Lawrance Venuti, Translation Changed Everything: Theory and Practice, Routladge: Oxon, 2013, p. 14
35
Benny Hoed, Penerjemahan dan Kebudayaan, Bandung: Dunia pustaka jaya, 2006, p. 15
36
Lawrance Venuti, The translator’s Invisibility: A History of Translator, Nwe York: Routladge, 1995, p. 6
37
Benny Hoed 2006, op.cit., p. 83
