Definition of Translation Novel

11 methods: transference and componential analysis. According to him, transference gives “local colour”, keeping cultural names and concepts. Although placing the emphasis culture, meaningful to initiated readers, he claimed this method may cause problems for the general readership and limit the comprehension of certain aspects. 15 Translation is a process about two languages. Namely source language and target language. It can also be said that the translation connecting two different culture. Translation is the process of finding meaning and deliver the meaning of a culture into another culture. Because of that, cultural differences between source language and target language makes the translator difficult to create the translation well. So the translator have to know and learn the culture of both language. Mona Baker stated that SL word may express a concept which is totally unknown in the target culture. It can be abstract or concrete. It maybe a religious belief, a social custom, or even a kind of food. In her book, In Other Words, she argued about the common non-equivalents to which a translator come across while translating from SL into TL, while both languages have their distinguished specific culture. 16 She put then in the following order: Culture specific concept. The SL concept which is not lexicalized in TL. The SL word which is semantically complex. The source and target languages make different distinction in meaning. The TL lacks a super ordinate. The TL lacks a specific term. Differences in physical or interpersonal perspective. Differences in expressive meaning. Differences in form. Differences in frequency and purpose of using specific forms. The use of loan words in the source text 15 Peter Newmark,Text Book of Translation. Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1998. p. 96 16 Mona Baker, In Other Word: a Coursebook on Translation. New York: Routladge, 1992. Pp. 26-42 12

C. Culture 1. Definition of Culture

The term culture addresses three salient categories of human activity: the personal, whereby we as individuals think and function as such; the collective, whereby we function in a social context; and the expressive, whereby society expresses itself. Language is the only social institution without which no other social institution can function; it therefore underpins the three pillars upon which culture is built. 17 Good enough defines culture in his book, “Cultural Anthropology and Linguistics”, as follows: A society’s culture consists of whatever it is one has to know or believe in order to operate in a manner acceptable to its members, and do so in any role that they accept for any one of themselves. Culture, being what people have to learn as distinct from their biological heritage, must consist of the end product of learning: knowledge, in a most general, if relative, sense of the term. By this definition, we should note that culture is not a material phenomenon; it does not consist of things, people, behaviour, or emotions. It is rather an organization of these things. It is the forms of things that people have in mind, their models for perceiving, relating, and otherwise interpreting them. As such, the things people say and do, their social arrangements and events, are products or by-products of their culture as they apply it to the task of perceiving and dealing with 17 Karamanian, ,A.P. http:www.accurapid.comjounal Accessed on June 22th 2012.