Summary 16. A. A. Khalil, M. El-Singaby, “Position control of sun tracking sys-

27.9 Summary 16. A. A. Khalil, M. El-Singaby, “Position control of sun tracking sys-

tem; Circuits and Systems,” Proceedings of the 46th IEEE International Midwest Symposium, vol. 3, pp. 1134–1137, December 27–30, 2003.

This chapter discussed the conversion of solar energy into elec- 17. W. Dankoff, “Glossary of Solar Water Pumping Terms and Related tricity using photovoltaic system. There are two types of PV

Components”, available at www.conergy.us/Desktopdefault.aspx/ systems: the grid-connected PV system and the stand-alone PV

tabid-332/449 read-3816/, 2009.

system. All major components for such systems have been dis- 18. R. A. Bentley, “Global Oil Depletion–Methodologies and Results,” cussed. Maximum power point tracking is the most important

Proc. 3rd Int. Workshop on Oil and Gas Depletion, Berlin, Germany, factor in PV systems to provide the maximum power. For this

2004, pp. 25–26, published by the Australian Association for the Study reason, several tracking systems have been described and com-

of Peak Oil and Gas (ASPO).

pared. Factors affecting the output of such systems have been 19. E. Kroutoulis, K. Kalaitzakis, and N.C. Voulgaris, “Development of a defined and steps for a good and reliable design have been Microcontroller-Based, Photovoltaic Maximum Power Tracking Con- considered. trol System,” IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 16, no. 1,

January 2001.

20. C. Hua, and C. Shen, “Comparative study of Peak Power tracking

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Power Electronics for Renewable Energy Sources

C. V. Nayar, S. M. Islam,

28.1 Introduction .......................................................................................... 723

H. Dehbonei, and K. Tan

28.2 Power Electronics for Photovoltaic Power Systems ........................................ 724

Department of Electrical and 28.2.1 Basics of Photovoltaics • 28.2.2 Types of PV Power Systems • 28.2.3 Stand-alone Computer Engineering, Curtin

PV Systems • 28.2.4 Hybrid Energy Systems • 28.2.5 Grid-connected PV Systems University of Technology, GPO

28.3 Power Electronics for Wind Power Systems .................................................. 750

Box U1987, Perth, Western

Australia 6845, Australia 28.3.1 Basics of Wind Power • 28.3.2 Types of Wind Power Systems • 28.3.3 Stand-alone Wind Power Systems • 28.3.4 Wind–diesel Hybrid Systems • 28.3.5 Grid-connected Wind

H. Sharma

Energy Systems • 28.3.6 Control of Wind Turbines

Research Institute for Sustainable Energy, Murdoch University,

References ............................................................................................. 764

Perth, Western Australia, Australia

28.1 Introduction

applications with battery storage. With back-up diesel genera- tors (such as photovoltaic (PV)/diesel/hybrid power systems),

The Kyoto agreement on global reduction of greenhouse gas the inverters may have additional control functions such as emissions has prompted renewed interest in renewable energy operating in parallel with diesel generators and bi-directional systems worldwide. Many renewable energy technologies today operation (battery charging and inverting). Grid interactive are well developed, reliable, and cost competitive with the inverters must follow the voltage and frequency characteristics conventional fuel generators. The cost of renewable energy of the utility generated power presented on the distribution technologies is on a falling trend and is expected to fall further line. For both types of inverters, the conversion efficiency is a as demand and production increases. There are many renew- very important consideration. Details of stand-alone and grid- able energy sources (RES) such as biomass, solar, wind, mini connected inverters for PV and wind applications are discussed hydro and tidal power. However, solar and wind energy sys- in this chapter. tems make use of advanced power electronics technologies and,

Section 28.2 covers stand-alone PV system applications such therefore the focus in this chapter will be on solar photovoltaic as battery charging and water pumping for remote areas. and wind power.

This section also discusses power electronic converters suit- One of the advantages offered by (RES) is their poten- able for PV-diesel hybrid systems and grid-connected PV tial to provide sustainable electricity in areas not served by for rooftop and large-scale applications. Of all the renewable the conventional power grid. The growing market for renew- energy options, the wind turbine technology is maturing very able energy technologies has resulted in a rapid growth in the fast. A marked rise in installed wind power capacity has been need of power electronics. Most of the renewable energy tech- noticed worldwide in the last decade. Per unit generation cost nologies produce DC power and hence power electronics and of wind power is now quite comparable with the conventional control equipment are required to convert the DC into AC generation. Wind turbine generators are used in stand-alone power.

battery charging applications, in combination with fossil fuel Inverters are used to convert DC to AC. There are two generators as part of hybrid systems and as grid-connected sys- types of inverters: (a) stand-alone or (b) grid-connected. Both tems. As a result of advancements in blade design, generators, types have several similarities but are different in terms of power electronics, and control systems, it has been possible to control functions. A stand-alone inverter is used in off-grid increase dramatically the availability of large-scale wind power.

724 C. V. Nayar et al. Many wind generators now incorporate speed control mech-

light

anisms like blade pitch control or use converters/inverters to negative electrode regulate power output from variable speed wind turbines. In Section 28.3, electrical and power conditioning aspects of wind

negative doped silicon energy conversion systems were included.

PN junction positive doped silicon