Cycloconverter (Static Scherbius System)

B. Cycloconverter (Static Scherbius System)

A cycloconverter is a converter, which converts AC voltage of one frequency to another frequency without an intermedi-

28.3.6.7 Power Electronics Technology Development

ate DC link. When a cycloconverter is connected to the rotor To meet the needs of future power generation systems, power circuit, sub- and super-synchronous operation variable speed electronics technology will need to evolve on all levels, from operation is possible. In super-synchronous operation, this devices to systems. The development needs are as follows: configuration is similar to the slip power recovery. In addition, energy may be fed into the rotor, thus allowing the machine

• There is a need for modular power converters with plug- to generate at sub-synchronous speeds. For that reason, the

and-play controls. This is particularly important for high generator is said to be doubly fed [83]. This system has a

power utility systems, such as wind power. The power

DOIG (Double

FIGURE 28.67 Schematic diagram of doubly-fed induction generator.

764 C. V. Nayar et al.

Generator

DC/DC

DC/AC

DC/DC

DC/AC

Supervisory control

Diesel Engine

Synchronous Generator

FIGURE 28.68 Schematic diagram of isolated grid system having a wind park.

electronics equipment used today is based on industrial 5. W. B. Lawrance and H. Dehbonei, “A versatile PV array simulation motor drives technology. Having dedicated, high power

tools,” presented at ISES 2001 Solar World Congress, Adelaide, South density, modular systems will provide flexibility and effi-

Australia, 2001.

ciency in dealing with different energy sources and large 6. M. A. S. Masoum, H. Dehbonei, and E. F. Fuchs, “Theoretical variation of generation systems architectures.

and experimental analyses of photovoltaic systems with voltage and • current-based maximum power-point tracking,” IEEE Trans. on There is a need for new packaging and cooling technolo- gies, as well as integration with PV and fuel cell will have Energy Conversion, vol. 17, pp. 514–522, Dec 2002. 7. B. Bekker and H. J. Beukes, “Finding an optimal PV panel maximum

to be addressed. The thermal issues in integrated systems power point tracking method,” presented at 7th AFRICON Conf., are complex, and new technologies such as direct fluid

Africa, 2004.

cooling or microchannel cooling may find application in 8. T. Noguchi, S. Togashi, and R. Nakamoto, “Short-current pulse based future systems. There is large potential for advancement

adaptive maximum-power-point tracking for photovoltaic power in this area.

generation system,” presented at Proc. 2000 IEEE International Symp. • There is a need for new switching devices with higher

on Ind. Electronics, 2000.

temperature capability, higher switching speed, and 9. N. Mutoh, T. Matuo, K. Okada, and M. Sakai, “Prediction-data-based higher current density/voltage capability. The growth in

maximum-power-point-tracking method for photovoltaic power alternative energy markets will provide a stronger pull for

generation systems,” presented at 33rd Annual IEEE Power Electronics further development of these technologies. Specialists Conf., 2002. 10. G. W. Hart, H. M. Branz, and C. H. Cox, “Experimental tests of

References open-loop maximum-power-point tracking techniques,” Solar Cells,

vol. 13, pp. 185–195, 1984.

11. D. J. Patterson, “Electrical system design for a solar powered vehi- 1. G. Hille, W. Roth, and H. Schmidt, “Photovoltaic system,” in

cle,” presented at 21st Annual IEEE Power Electron. Specialists Conf., Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems. Freiburg, Germany,

1995. 12. H. J. Noh, D. Y. Lee, and D. S. Hyun, “An improved MPPT converter 2. D. P. Hodel, “Photovoltaics-electricity from sunlight,” U.S. Depart-

with current compensation method for small scaled PV-applications,” ment of Energy Report, DOE/NBMCE.

presented at 28th Annual Conf. of the Ind. Electronics Society, 3. O. H. Wilk, “Utility connected photovoltaic systems,” presented

at International Energy Agency (IEA): Solar Heating and Cooling 13. K. Kobayashi, H. Matsuo, and Y. Sekine, “A novel optimum operating Program, Montreux, 1992.

point tracker of the solar cell power supply system,” presented at 35th 4. R. S. Wenham, M. A. Green, and M. E. Watt, “Applied photovoltaic,”

Annual IEEE Power Electronics Specialists Conf., 2004. in Centre for Photovoltaic Device and Systems, University of New

14. P. Midya, P. T. Krein, R. J. Turnhull, R. Reppa, and J. Kimball, Southwales, Sydney, 1998.

“Dynamic maximum power point tracker for pholovoltaic

28 Power Electronics for Renewable Energy Sources 765 applications,” presented at 27th Annual IEEE Power Electron. Spe-

31. X. Sun, W. Wu, X. Li, and Q. Zhao, “A research on photovoltaic energy cialists Conf., 1996.

controlling system with maximum power point tracking,” presented 15. V. Arcidiacono, S. Corsi, and L. Larnhri, “Maximum power point

at Proc. Power Conversion Conf., 2002. tracker for photovoltaic power plants,” presented at Proc. IEEE

32. O. Wasynczuk, “Dynamic behavior of a class of photovoltaic power Photovotaic Specialists Conf., 1982.

systems,” IEEE Trans. Power App. Syst., vol. 102, pp. 3031–3037, Sept 16. Y. H. Lim and D. C. Hamill, “Synthesis, simulation and experimen-

tal verification of a maximum power point tracker from nonlin- 33. Y. C. Kuo, T. J. Lian, and J. F. Chen, “Novel maximum-power-point- ear dynamics,” presented at 32nd Annual IEEE Power Electronics

tracking controller for photovoltaic energy conversion system,” IEEE Specialists Conf., 2001.

Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 48, pp. 594–601, June 2001. 17. Y. H. Lim and D. C. Hamill, “Simple maximum power point tracker

34. G. J. Yu, Y. S. Jung, J. Y. Choi, I. Choy, J. H. Song, and G. S. Kim, for photovoltaic arrays,” Electron. Lett, vol. 36, pp. 997–999, May

“A novel two-mode MPPT control algorithm based on compara- 2000.

tive study of existing algorithms,” presented at Conf. Record of the 18. L. Zhang, Y. Bai, and A. Al-Amoudi, “GA-RBF neural network based

Twenty-Ninth IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conf., 2002. maximum power point tracking for grid-connected photovoltaic

35. K. Kohayashi, I. Takano, and Y. Sawada, “A study on a two stage max- systems,” presented at International Conf. on Power Electronics

imum power point tracking control of a photovoltaic system under Machines and Drives, 2002.

partially shaded insolation conditions,” presented at IEEE Power Enç. 19. C. C. Hua and J. R. Lin, “Fully digital control of distributed pho-

Society General Meeting, 2003.

tovoltaic power systems,” presented at IEEE International Symp. on 36. D. Langridge, W. Lawrance, and B. Wichert, “Development of Ind. Electronics, 2001.

a photo-voltaic pumping system using a brushless D.C. motor 20. M. L. Chiang, C. C. Hua, and J. R. Lin, “Direct power control for

and helical rotor pump,” Solar Energy, vol. 56, pp. 151–160, distributed PV power system,” presented at Proc. Power Conversion

Conf., 2002. 37. H. Dehbonei and C. V. Nayar, “A new modular hybrid power system,” 21. S. Jain and V. Agarwal, “A new algorithm for rapid tracking of approx-

presented at IEEE International Symposium on Industrial Electronics, imate maximum power point in photovoltaic systems,” IEEE Power

Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2003.

Electronics Lett., vol. 2, pp. 16–19, Mar 2004. 38. C. V. Nayar, S. J. Phillips, W. L. James, T. L. Pryor, and D. Rem- 22. N. Femia, G. Petrone, G. Spagnuolo, and M. Vitelli, “Optimization of

mer, “Novel wind/diesel/battery hybrid system,” Solar Energy, vol. 51, perturb and observe maximum power point tracking method,” IEEE

pp. 65–78, 1993.

Trans. Power Electronics, vol. 20, pp. 963–973, July 2005. 39. W. Bower, “Merging photovoltaic hardware development with hybrid 23. N. S. D’Souza, L. A. C. Lopes, and X. Liu, “An intelligent maximum

applications in the U.S.A,” presented at Proceedings Solar ′ 93 power point tracker using peak current control,” 36th Annual IEEE

ANZSES, Fremantle, Western Australia, 1993. Power Electronics Specialists Conf., pp. 172–177, 2005.

40. N. Mohan, M. Undeland, and W. P. Robbins, Power Electronics: John 24. M. G. Simoes, N. N. Franceschetti, and M. Friedhofer, “A fuzzy logic

Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York, 1995.

based photovoltaic peak power tracking control,” Proc. 1998 IEEE 41. M. Calais, V. G. Agelidis, and M. Meinhardt, “Multilevel converters International Symp. on Ind. Electron, pp. 300–305, 1998.

for single phase grid-connected photovoltaic systems an overview,” 25. A. M. A. Mahmoud, H. M. Mashaly, S. A. Kandil, H. E. Khashab,

Solar Energy, vol. 66, pp. 525–535, 1999. and M. N. F. Nashed, “Fuzzy logic implementation for photovoltaic

42. K. Hirachi, K. Matsumoto, M. Yamamoto, and M. Nakaoka, maximum power tracking,” presented at Proc. 9th IEEE Inter-

“Improved control implementation of single phase current fed PWM national Workshop on Robot and Human Interactive Commum.,

inverter for photovoltaic power generation,” presented at Seventh 2000.

International Conference on Power Electronics and Variable Speed 26. N. Patcharaprakiti and S. Premrudeepreechacharn, “Maximum power

Drives (PEVD’98), 1998.

point tracking using adaptive fuzzy logic control for grid-connected 43. U. Boegli and R. Ulmi, “Realisation of a new inverter circuit for photovoltaic system,” presented at IEEE Power Eng. Society Winter

direct photovoltaic energy feedback into the public grid,” IEEE Trans. Meeting, 2002.

on Industry Application, vol. 22, Mar/Apr 1986. 27. B. M. Wilamowski and X. Li, “Fuzzy system based maximum power

44. B. Lindgren, “Topology for decentralised solar energy inverters with a point tracking for PV system,” presented at 28th Annual Conf. of the

low voltage A-bus,” presented at EPE99 -European Power Electronics IEEE Industrial Electronics Society, 2002.

Conf., 1999.

28. M. Veerachary, T. Senjyu, and K. Uezato, “Neural-network-based 45. K. Masoud and G. Ledwich, “Aspects of grid interfacing: current maximum-power-point tracking of coupled-inductor interleaved-

and voltage controllers,” presented at Proceedings of AUPEC 99, boost-converter-supplied PV system using fuzzy controller,” IEEE

Trans. Industry Electronics, vol. 50, pp. 749–758, Aug 2003. 46. H. K. Sung, S. R. Lee, H. Dehbonei, and C. V. Nayar, “A compara- 29. K. Ro and S. Rahman, “Two-loop controller for maximizing per-

tive study of the voltage controlled and current controlled voltage formance of a grid-connected photovoltaic-fuel cell hybrid power

source inverter for the distributed generation system,” presented plant,” IEEE Trans. on Energy Conversion, vol. 13, pp. 276–281,

at Australian Universities Power Engineering Conference(AUPEC), Sept 1998.

Hobart, Australia, 2005.

30. A. Hussein, K. Hirasawa, J. Hu, and J. Murata, “The dynamic per- 47. L. J. Borle, M. S. Dymond, and C. V. Nayar, “Development and testing formance of photovoltaic supplied dc motor fed from DC–DC

of a 20 kW grid interactive photovoltaic power conditioning system converter and controlled by neural networks,” presented at Proc. 2002

in Western Australia,” IEEE Trans. on Industry Applications, vol. 33, International Joint Conf. on Neural Networks, 2002.

pp. 1–7, 1999.

766 C. V. Nayar et al. 48. L. J. Borle and C. V. Nayar, “Zero average current error controlled

67. F. Blaahjerg, Z. Chen, and P. H. Madsen, “Wind power technology power flow for ac-dc power converters,” IEEE Trans. on Power

status, development and trends,” presented at Proc. Workshop on Electronics, vol. 10, pp. 725–732, 1995.

Wind Power and Impacts on Power Systems, Oslo, Norway, 2002. 49. H. Sharma, “Grid integration of photovoltaics,” Australia: The

68. J. Wilkie, W. E. Leithead, and C. Anderson, “Modelling of wind tur- University of Newcastle, 1998.

bines by simple models,” Wind Engineering, vol. 14, pp. 247–273, 50. L. L. Freris, Wind Energy Conversion Systems: Prentice Hall, New York,

1990. 69. A. L. G. Westlake, J. R. Bumby, and E. Spooner, “Damping the power 51. C. V. Nayar, J. Perahia, and F. Thomas., “Small scale wind powered

angle oscillations of a permanent magnet synchronous generator with electrical generators,” The Minerals and Energy Research Institute of

particular reference to wind turbine applications,” IEE Proc. Electrical Western Australia, 1992.

Power Applications, vol. 143, pp. 269–280, 1996. 52. R. D. Richardson and G. M. McNerney, “Wind energy systems,”

70. J. F. Manwell, J. G. McGowan, and B. H. Bailey, “Electrical/mechanical Proceedings of the IEEE, vol. 81, pp. 378–389, 1993.

options for variable speed turbines,” Solar Energy, vol. 46, pp. 41–51, 53. J. Arillaga and N. Watson, “Static power conversion from self excited

induction generators,” Proc of Institution of Electrical Engineers, 71. T. S. Andersen and H. S. Kirschbaum, “Multi-speed electrical gen- vol. 125, no. 8, pp. 743–746.

erator applications in wind turbines,” presented at AIAA/SERI Wind 54. C. V. Nayar, J. Perahia, F. Thomas, S. J. Phillips, T. L. Pryor, and

Energy Conference Proc., Boulder, 1980. W. L. James, “Investigation of capacitor excited induction genera-

72. E. Muljadi and C. P. Butterfield, “Pitch-controlled variable-speed tors and permanent magnet alternators for small scale wind power

wind turbine generation,” IEEE Transactions on Industry Applica- generation,” Renewable Energy, vol. 125 1991.

tions, vol. 37, no. 1, pp. 240–246, Jan/Feb 2001. 55. T. Ackermann and L. Sörder, “An overview of wind energy status-

73. G. Riahy and P. Freere, “Dynamic controller to operate a wind turbine 2002,” Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews, pp. 67–128, June

in stall region,” presented at Proceeding of Solar ′ 97-Australia and 2002.

New Zealand Solar Energy Society, 1997. 56. S. Peresada, A. Tilli, and A. Tonielli, “Robust active-reactive power

74. K. Tan and S. Islam, “Optimum control strategies in energy con- control of a doubly-fed induction generator,” presented at IECON

version of PMSG wind turbine system without mechanical sensors,”

98, 1998. IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, vol. 19, no. 2, pp. 392–399, 57. W. E. Long and N. L. Schmitz, “Cycloconveter control of the dou-

June 2004.

bly fed induction motor,” IEEE Trans. Ind. and Gen. Appl., vol. 7, 75. K. Tan and S. Islam, “Mechanical sensorless robust control of perma- pp. 162–167, 1971.

nent magnet synchronous generator for maximum power operation,” 58. A. Chattopadhyay, “An adjustable-speed induction motor drive with

presented at Australia University Power Engineering Conference, a thyristor-commutator in the rotor,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., vol. 14,

Australia, 2001.

pp. 116–122, 1978. 76. Q. Wang and L. Chang, “An independent maximum power extraction 59. P. Pena, J. C. Clare, and G. M. Asher, “Doubly fed induction generator

strategy for wind energy conversion system,” presented at IEEE Cana- using back-to-back PWM converters and its application to vari-

dian Conference on Electrical and Computer Engineering, Canada, able speed wind-energy generation,” IEE Proceedings Electric Power

Alberta, 1999.

Applications, vol. 143, 1996. 77. J. Perahia and C. V. Nayar, “Power controller for a wind-turbine driven 60. H. Azaza, “On the dynamic and steady state performances of a vector

tandem induction generator,” Electric Machines and Power Systems, controlled DFM drive,” presented at IEEE International Conference

vol. 19, pp. 599–624, 1991.

on Systems, Man and Cybernetics, 2002. 78. K. Tan, S. Islam, and H. Tumbelaka, “Line commutated inverter 61. Bergey Windpower User Manual “10 kW Battery charging wind

in maximum wind energy conversion,” International Journal of energy generating system,” Bergey Windpower Co., Oklahoma, USA,

Renewable Energy Engineering, vol. 4, no. 3, pp. 506–511, 1984.

Dec 2002.

62. J. H. R. Enslin and F. W. Leuschner., “Integrated hybrid energy systems 79. E. Muljadi, S. Drouilhet, R. Holz, and V. Gevorgian, “Analysis of for isolated and semi-isolated users,” presented at Proc. of Renewable

permanent magnet generator for wind power battery charging,” pre- Energy Potential in Southern African Conference, UCT, South Africa,

sented at Thirty-First IAS Annual Meeting, IAS ′ 96, San Diego, CA, 1986.

USA, 1996.

63. D. G. Infield, “Wind diesel systems technology and modelling-a 80. B. S. Borowy and Z. M. Salameh, “Dynamic response of a stand- review,” International Journal of Renewable Energy Engineering,

alone wind energy conversion system with battery energy storage to vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 17–27, 1999.

a wind gust,” IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, vol. 12, no. 1, 64. H. Sharma, S. M. Islam, C. V. Nayar, and T. Pryor, “Dynamic response

pp. 73–78, Mar 1997.

of a remote area power system to fluctuating wind speed,” presented 81. A. B. Raju, “Application of power electronic interfaces for grid- at Proceedings of IEEE Power Engineering Society (PES 2000) Winter

connected variable speed wind energy conversion systems,” in Meeting, 2000.

Department of Electrical Engineering. Bombay: Indian Institute of 65. W. L. James, C. V. Nayar, F. Thomas, and M. Dymond, “Variable speed

Technology, 2005.

asynchronous wind powered generator with dynamic power condi- 82. G. A. Smith and K. A. Nigim., “Wind energy recovery by static tioning,” Murdoch University Energy Research Institute (MUERI),

Scherbius induction generator,” IEE Proceedings, Part ‘C’, Generation, Australia, 1993.

Transmission and Distribution, vol. 128, pp. 317–324, 1981. 66. F. Blaabjerg, Z. Chen, and S. B. Kjaer, “Power electronics as efficient

83. T. S. Anderson and P. S. Hughes, “Investigation of doubly fed induc- interface in dispersed power generation systems,” IEEE Trans. on

tion machine in variable speed applications,” Westinghouse Electric Power Electronics, vol. 19, pp. 1184–1194, 2004.

Corporation, 1983.

High-Frequency Inverters: From Photovoltaic, Wind, and Fuel-Cell-Based Renewable- and Alternative-Energy DER/DG Systems to Energy-Storage Applications

S.K. Mazumder, Sr.

29.1 Introduction .......................................................................................... 767

Member IEEE, Department of

29.2 Low-Cost Single-Stage Inverter .................................................................. 769

Electrical and Computer Engineering, Director, Laboratory

29.2.1 Operating Modes • 29.2.2 Analysis • 29.2.3 Design Issues

for Energy and Switching-

29.3 Ripple-Mitigating Inverter ........................................................................ 773

Electronics Systems (LESES), 29.3.1 Zero-Ripple Boost Converter (ZRBC) • 29.3.2 HF Two-Stage DC–AC Converter University of Illinois,

29.4 Universal Power Conditioner ..................................................................... 777

Chicago, USA

29.4.1 Operating Modes • 29.4.2 Design Issues

29.5 Hybrid-Modulation-Based Multiphase HFL High-Power Inverter ..................... 785

29.5.1 Principles of Operation

References ............................................................................................. 789

29.1 Introduction

and commercial unit with DER equipment can be a microp- ower station, generating much of the electricity it needs on-site

Photovoltaic (PV), wind, and fuel-cell (FC) energy are the and sell the excess power to the national grid. The projected front-runner renewable- and alternate-energy solutions to 9 worldwide market is anticipated to be $50 ×10 billion by 2015.

address and alleviate the imminent and critical problems of

A key aspect of these renewable- or alternative-energy sys- existing fossil-fuel-energy systems: environmental pollution as tems is an inverter (note: for wind, a front-end rectifier is

a result of high emission level and rapid depletion of fossil fuel. needed) that feeds the energy available from the energy source The framework for integrating these “zero-emission” alternate- to application load and/or grid. Such power electronics for energy sources to the existing energy infrastructure has been next-generation renewable- or alternative-energy systems have provided by the concept of distributed generation (DG) based to address several features including (1) cost, (2) reliability, on distributed energy resources (DERs), which provides an (3) efficiency, and (4) power density. Conventional approach to additional advantage: reduced reliance on existing and new inverter design is typically based on the architecture illustrated centralized power generation, thereby saving significant capi- in Fig. 29.1a. A problematic feature of such an approach is the tal cost. DERs are parallel and standalone electric generation need for a line-frequency transformer (for isolation and volt- units that are located within the electric distribution system age step-up), which is bulky, takes large footprint space, and is near the end user. DER, if properly integrated, can be bene- becoming progressively more expensive because of the increas- ficial to electricity consumers and energy utilities, providing ing cost of copper. As such, recently, there has been significant energy independence and increased energy security. Each home interest in high-frequency (HF) transformer-based inverter

768 S.K. Mazumder

Application balance of plant

Fuel-cell stack

and

Dc−dc

Dc−ac

Line transformer Energy

buffering unit (a)

Dc−ac

Application balance of plant

Fuel-cell stack

converter with

and

Dc−dc

Energy buffering unit

(b)

Dc−dc

Fuel-cell stack

converter with

Dc−ac

balance of plant

Energy buffering unit

(c)

Fuel-cell stack

Isolated Dc−ac

balance of plant

load

Energy buffering unit

(d)

FIGURE 29.1 Inverter power-conditioning schemes [1] with (a) line-frequency transformer; (b) HF transformer in the dc–ac stage; (c) HF transformer in the dc–dc stage; and (d) single-stage isolated dc–ac converter.

approach to address some or all of the above-referenced design and voltage scaling, resulting in a compact and low-footprint objectives. In such an approach, a HF transformer (instead design. As shown in Fig. 29.1b,c, the HF transformer can be of a line-frequency transformer) is used for galvanic isolation inserted in the dc–dc or dc–ac converter stages for multistage

29 High-Frequency Inverters 769 power conversion. For single-stage power conversion, the HF

29.2.1 Operating Modes

transformer is incorporated into the integrated structure. In In order to understand how the current flows and energy trans- the subsequent sections, based on HF architectures, we describe fers during the switching and to help select the device rating, several high-frequency-link (HFL) topologies [1–8], being four different modes of the inverter are analyzed and shown in developed at the University of Illinois at Chicago, which have Fig. 29.3. It shows the direction of the current when the load applications encompassing photovoltaics, wind, and fuel cells. current flows from the top to the bottom. Some have applicability for energy storage as well.

Mode 1: Figure 29.3a shows the current flow for the case when switch Q a ,Q d are ON and Q b ,Q c are OFF. Dur-