Problem Formulation Objectives of the Study Benefits of the Study

This method can be applied on any educational level – elementary, secondary or college. An instructional design plan is designed to supply answer to the following three questions which are considered as the essential elements of instructional technology Kemp 1977:8 1. What must be learned? objectives 2. What procedures and resources will work best to reach the desired learning levels? activities and resources 3. How will we know when the required learning has taken place? evaluation The diagram that follows illustrates the relationship of each step in the plan to the other steps. Figure 2.1 Kemp’s Instructional Models Kemp, 1977: 9 Based on the diagram, it is a flexible process. There is interdependence among the eight elements; decisions relating to one may affect each others. A teacher Goals, topics and general purposes Learners’ characteristics Revise Learning objectives Subject content TL activities resources Evaluation Support service Pre- assessment may start with whichever element heshe is ready to start with and then moves back and forth to other steps. The sequence and the order are hisher choice. However, Kemp reminds us that wherever the elements started the first thing to be considered must be the objectives as a starting point and the evaluation as the final points. The broken line in the diagram indicate revisions of elements made necessary by evaluation data gathered on students accomplishment of objectives Kemp, 1997: 9 1. Goals, Topics and General Purposes A goal means something that someone expected to achieve. The educational program is developed to serve those goals. Within curriculum areas, topics are chosen for study, for each of which the teacher explicitly expresses the general purposes Kemp, 1997: 13. General purposes means what students generally expected to learn as a result of instruction. Goals may be derived from three sources – society, students and subject areas Kemp, 1997: 14. After establishing goals, the next step is listing the topics. Topics are usually sequenced according to a logical organization, from simple to complex level or from concrete to more abstract levels. 2. Learner Characteristics Serving both group and individual means obtaining information about the learners’ capabilities, needs and interests. There are two factors of learners’ characteristics Kemp. 1997: 19. They are academic factors and social factors.