to communicate in target language Paulston and Bruder, 1976: 56. Therefore, the teaching points are simply to instruct the learners how to get meaning across, to be
able to communicate some referential meaning in the target language. Compared with teaching of any language skills, teaching speaking is more demanding on the
teacher Rivers, 1986: 160. It means that the teacher plays in important role in giving the learners many opportunities to practice the speaking skill.
5. Educational Research and Development
Educational Research and Development R D is a process used to develop and validate educational products. The goal of R D is to discover knew knowledge
or to answer specific questions about practical problems rather than only to develop products Borg and Gall, 1983:772.
Many times researchers have tried to solve research problems, but they have failed in practicing their study in school. R D is developed to bridge the gap
between research and practice. There are the major steps in the R D cycle. They are:
1. Research and information collecting
At the first step, all review of literature classroom observations and preparation of report are collected. The purpose is to determine the state of knowledge in the
concerned area. 2.
Planning Before developing the product, planning is truly needed. The most important
thing in planning is the statements of specific objectives to be achieved by the
product. Objectives become the best basis in developing the product in order to give the suitable guidance of the designed developing.
3. Develop preliminary form of product
This step shows how the preliminary product is developed by conducting the plans discussed previously. It includes preparation of instructional materials,
handbooks needed and evaluation devices. 4.
Preliminary field testing After the preliminary product is finished, it is then tested to obtain qualified
evaluation of the product. The method used can be by interview, observation or distributing questionnaires.
5. Main product revision
The data of the method used to test the product are then collected and analyzed. It results the feedback of the participants. The feedback is the used to revise the
product. 6.
Main field testing The revised product is tested again to determine the success of the product in
meeting its objectives. Besides, the test will result other information that can be used to improve the next revision.
7. Operational product revision
When the findings of main field testing find any weaknesses in the product, the first revision of he product is considered failed in meeting its objectives. The next
step is to revise the revised product again.
